GH-49601: [C++] Update bundled AWS SDK C++ for C23 #5929

Job	Run time
check-labels / Check labels	21s
ODBC ${{ matrix.build-type }} ${{ matrix.architecture }} macOS ${{ matrix.macos-version }}	1s
JNI ${{ matrix.platform.runs-on }} ${{ matrix.platform.arch }}	1s
matrix.title	1s
ODBC Windows	1s
ARM64 Windows 11 MSVC	-1s
JNI macOS	1s
ODBC nightly	1s
ODBC release	1s
report-extra-cpp	0s
	27s

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