importercalls.cpp

// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.

#include "jitpch.h"

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impImportCall: import a call-inspiring opcode
//
// Arguments:
//    opcode                    - opcode that inspires the call
//    pResolvedToken            - resolved token for the call target
//    pConstrainedResolvedToken - resolved constraint token (or nullptr)
//    newObjThis                - tree for this pointer or uninitialized newobj temp (or nullptr)
//    prefixFlags               - IL prefix flags for the call
//    callInfo                  - EE supplied info for the call
//    rawILOffset               - IL offset of the opcode
//
// Returns:
//    Type of the call's return value.
//    If we're importing an inlinee and have realized the inline must fail, the call return type should be TYP_UNDEF.
//    However we can't assert for this here yet because there are cases we miss. See issue #13272.
//
//
// Notes:
//    opcode can be CEE_CALL, CEE_CALLI, CEE_CALLVIRT, or CEE_NEWOBJ.
//
//    For CEE_NEWOBJ, newobjThis should be the temp grabbed for the allocated
//    uninitialized object.
var_types Compiler::impImportCall(OPCODE                  opcode,
                                  CORINFO_RESOLVED_TOKEN* pResolvedToken,
                                  CORINFO_RESOLVED_TOKEN* pConstrainedResolvedToken,
                                  GenTree*                newobjThis,
                                  int                     prefixFlags,
                                  CORINFO_CALL_INFO*      callInfo,
                                  IL_OFFSET               rawILOffset)
{
    assert(opcode == CEE_CALL || opcode == CEE_CALLVIRT || opcode == CEE_NEWOBJ || opcode == CEE_CALLI);

    // The current statement DI may not refer to the exact call, but for calls
    // we wish to be able to attach the exact IL instruction to get "return
    // value" support in the debugger, so create one with the exact IL offset.
    DebugInfo di = impCreateDIWithCurrentStackInfo(rawILOffset, true);

    var_types              callRetTyp                     = TYP_COUNT;
    CORINFO_SIG_INFO*      sig                            = nullptr;
    CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE  methHnd                        = nullptr;
    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE   clsHnd                         = nullptr;
    unsigned               clsFlags                       = 0;
    unsigned               mflags                         = 0;
    GenTree*               call                           = nullptr;
    CORINFO_THIS_TRANSFORM constraintCallThisTransform    = CORINFO_NO_THIS_TRANSFORM;
    CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE exactContextHnd                = nullptr;
    bool                   exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup = false;
    bool                   canTailCall                    = true;
    const char*            szCanTailCallFailReason        = nullptr;
    const int              tailCallFlags                  = (prefixFlags & PREFIX_TAILCALL);
    const bool             isReadonlyCall                 = (prefixFlags & PREFIX_READONLY) != 0;

    methodPointerInfo* ldftnInfo = nullptr;

    // Synchronized methods need to call CORINFO_HELP_MON_EXIT at the end. We could
    // do that before tailcalls, but that is probably not the intended
    // semantic. So just disallow tailcalls from synchronized methods.
    // Also, popping arguments in a varargs function is more work and NYI
    // If we have a security object, we have to keep our frame around for callers
    // to see any imperative security.
    // Reverse P/Invokes need a call to CORINFO_HELP_JIT_REVERSE_PINVOKE_EXIT
    // at the end, so tailcalls should be disabled.
    // Async methods need to restore contexts, so tailcalls should be disabled.
    if (info.compFlags & CORINFO_FLG_SYNCH)
    {
        canTailCall             = false;
        szCanTailCallFailReason = "Caller is synchronized";
    }
    else if (opts.IsReversePInvoke())
    {
        canTailCall             = false;
        szCanTailCallFailReason = "Caller is Reverse P/Invoke";
    }
    else if (compIsAsync())
    {
        canTailCall             = false;
        szCanTailCallFailReason = "Caller is async method";
    }
#if !FEATURE_FIXED_OUT_ARGS
    else if (info.compIsVarArgs)
    {
        canTailCall             = false;
        szCanTailCallFailReason = "Caller is varargs";
    }
#endif // FEATURE_FIXED_OUT_ARGS

    // We only need to cast the return value of pinvoke inlined calls that return small types

    bool checkForSmallType  = false;
    bool bIntrinsicImported = false;

    CORINFO_SIG_INFO calliSig;
    GenTree*         varArgsCookie     = nullptr;
    GenTree*         instParam         = nullptr;
    GenTree*         asyncContinuation = nullptr;

    // Swift calls that might throw use a SwiftError* arg that requires additional IR to handle,
    // so if we're importing a Swift call, look for this type in the signature
    GenTree* swiftErrorNode = nullptr;

    /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     * First create the call node
     */

    if (opcode == CEE_CALLI)
    {
        if (IsTargetAbi(CORINFO_NATIVEAOT_ABI))
        {
            if (info.compCompHnd->convertPInvokeCalliToCall(pResolvedToken, !impCanPInvokeInlineCallSite(compCurBB)))
            {
                eeGetCallInfo(pResolvedToken, nullptr, CORINFO_CALLINFO_ALLOWINSTPARAM, callInfo);
                return impImportCall(CEE_CALL, pResolvedToken, nullptr, nullptr, prefixFlags, callInfo, rawILOffset);
            }
        }

        /* Get the call site sig */
        eeGetSig(pResolvedToken->token, pResolvedToken->tokenScope, pResolvedToken->tokenContext, &calliSig);

        callRetTyp = JITtype2varType(calliSig.retType);

        call = impImportIndirectCall(&calliSig, di);

        // We don't know the target method, so we have to infer the flags, or
        // assume the worst-case.
        mflags = (calliSig.callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_HASTHIS) ? 0 : CORINFO_FLG_STATIC;

#ifdef DEBUG
        if (verbose)
        {
            unsigned structSize = (callRetTyp == TYP_STRUCT) ? eeTryGetClassSize(calliSig.retTypeSigClass) : 0;
            printf("\nIn Compiler::impImportCall: opcode is %s, kind=%d, callRetType is %s, structSize is %u\n",
                   opcodeNames[opcode], callInfo->kind, varTypeName(callRetTyp), structSize);
        }
#endif
        sig = &calliSig;
    }
    else // (opcode != CEE_CALLI)
    {
        NamedIntrinsic ni = NI_Illegal;

        // Passing CORINFO_CALLINFO_ALLOWINSTPARAM indicates that this JIT is prepared to
        // supply the instantiation parameters necessary to make direct calls to underlying
        // shared generic code, rather than calling through instantiating stubs.  If the
        // returned signature has CORINFO_CALLCONV_PARAMTYPE then this indicates that the JIT
        // must indeed pass an instantiation parameter.

        methHnd = callInfo->hMethod;

        sig        = &(callInfo->sig);
        callRetTyp = JITtype2varType(sig->retType);

        mflags = callInfo->methodFlags;

#ifdef DEBUG
        if (verbose)
        {
            unsigned structSize = (callRetTyp == TYP_STRUCT) ? eeTryGetClassSize(sig->retTypeSigClass) : 0;
            printf("\nIn Compiler::impImportCall: opcode is %s, kind=%d, callRetType is %s, structSize is %u\n",
                   opcodeNames[opcode], callInfo->kind, varTypeName(callRetTyp), structSize);
        }
#endif
        if (compIsForInlining())
        {
            /* Does the inlinee use StackCrawlMark */

            if (mflags & CORINFO_FLG_DONT_INLINE_CALLER)
            {
                compInlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_STACK_CRAWL_MARK);
                return TYP_UNDEF;
            }

            /* For now ignore varargs */
            if ((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) == CORINFO_CALLCONV_NATIVEVARARG)
            {
                compInlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_HAS_NATIVE_VARARGS);
                return TYP_UNDEF;
            }

            if ((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) == CORINFO_CALLCONV_VARARG)
            {
                compInlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_HAS_MANAGED_VARARGS);
                return TYP_UNDEF;
            }
        }

        clsHnd = pResolvedToken->hClass;

        clsFlags = callInfo->classFlags;

#ifdef DEBUG
        // If this is a call to JitTestLabel.Mark, do "early inlining", and record the test attribute.

        // This recognition should really be done by knowing the methHnd of the relevant Mark method(s).
        // These should be in corelib.h, and available through a JIT/EE interface call.
        const char* namespaceName;
        const char* className;
        const char* methodName =
            info.compCompHnd->getMethodNameFromMetadata(methHnd, &className, &namespaceName, nullptr, 0);
        if ((namespaceName != nullptr) && (className != nullptr) && (methodName != nullptr) &&
            (strcmp(namespaceName, "System.Runtime.CompilerServices") == 0) &&
            (strcmp(className, "JitTestLabel") == 0) && (strcmp(methodName, "Mark") == 0))
        {
            return impImportJitTestLabelMark(sig->numArgs);
        }
#endif // DEBUG

        const bool isIntrinsic = (mflags & CORINFO_FLG_INTRINSIC) != 0;

        // <NICE> Factor this into getCallInfo </NICE>
        bool isSpecialIntrinsic = false;

        if (isIntrinsic || (!info.compMatchedVM && !RunningSuperPmiReplay()))
        {
            // For mismatched VM (AltJit) we want to check all methods as intrinsic to ensure
            // we get more accurate codegen. This particularly applies to HWIntrinsic usage.
            // But don't do this under SuperPMI replay, because it's unlikely we'll have
            // the right data in the MethodContext in that case.

            const bool isTailCall = canTailCall && (tailCallFlags != 0);

#if defined(FEATURE_READYTORUN)
            CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP entryPoint;

            if (IsAot() && (callInfo->kind == CORINFO_CALL))
            {
                entryPoint = callInfo->codePointerLookup.constLookup;
            }
            else
            {
                entryPoint.addr       = nullptr;
                entryPoint.accessType = IAT_VALUE;
            }
#endif // FEATURE_READYTORUN

            call = impIntrinsic(clsHnd, methHnd, sig, mflags, pResolvedToken, isReadonlyCall, isTailCall,
                                opcode == CEE_CALLVIRT, pConstrainedResolvedToken,
                                callInfo->thisTransform R2RARG(&entryPoint), &ni, &isSpecialIntrinsic);

            if (compDonotInline())
            {
                return TYP_UNDEF;
            }

            if (call != nullptr)
            {
                bIntrinsicImported = true;
                goto DONE_CALL;
            }
        }

        if ((mflags & CORINFO_FLG_VIRTUAL) && (mflags & CORINFO_FLG_EnC) && (opcode == CEE_CALLVIRT))
        {
            NO_WAY("Virtual call to a function added via EnC is not supported");
        }

        if ((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) != CORINFO_CALLCONV_DEFAULT &&
            (sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) != CORINFO_CALLCONV_VARARG &&
            (sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) != CORINFO_CALLCONV_NATIVEVARARG)
        {
            BADCODE("Bad calling convention");
        }

        //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
        //  Construct the call node
        //
        // Work out what sort of call we're making.
        // Dispense with virtual calls implemented via LDVIRTFTN immediately.

        constraintCallThisTransform    = callInfo->thisTransform;
        exactContextHnd                = callInfo->contextHandle;
        exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup = callInfo->exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup;

        switch (callInfo->kind)
        {
            case CORINFO_VIRTUALCALL_STUB:
            {
                assert(!(mflags & CORINFO_FLG_STATIC)); // can't call a static method
                assert(!(clsFlags & CORINFO_FLG_VALUECLASS));
                if (callInfo->stubLookup.lookupKind.needsRuntimeLookup)
                {
                    if (callInfo->stubLookup.lookupKind.runtimeLookupKind == CORINFO_LOOKUP_NOT_SUPPORTED)
                    {
                        // Runtime does not support inlining of all shapes of runtime lookups
                        // Inlining has to be aborted in such a case
                        compInlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_HAS_COMPLEX_HANDLE);
                        return TYP_UNDEF;
                    }

                    GenTree* stubAddr = impRuntimeLookupToTree(&callInfo->stubLookup, methHnd);

                    // stubAddr tree may require a new temp.
                    // If we're inlining, this may trigger the too many locals inline failure.
                    //
                    // If so, we need to bail out.
                    //
                    if (compDonotInline())
                    {
                        return TYP_UNDEF;
                    }

                    // This is the rough code to set up an indirect stub call
                    assert(stubAddr != nullptr);

                    // The stubAddr may be a
                    // complex expression. As it is evaluated after the args,
                    // it may cause registered args to be spilled. Simply spill it.
                    //
                    if (!stubAddr->OperIs(GT_LCL_VAR))
                    {
                        unsigned const lclNum = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("VirtualCall with runtime lookup"));
                        if (compDonotInline())
                        {
                            return TYP_UNDEF;
                        }

                        impStoreToTemp(lclNum, stubAddr, CHECK_SPILL_NONE);
                        stubAddr = gtNewLclvNode(lclNum, TYP_I_IMPL);
                    }

                    // Create the actual call node

                    assert((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) != CORINFO_CALLCONV_VARARG &&
                           (sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) != CORINFO_CALLCONV_NATIVEVARARG);

                    call = gtNewIndCallNode(stubAddr, callRetTyp, di);

                    call->gtFlags |= GTF_EXCEPT | (stubAddr->gtFlags & GTF_GLOB_EFFECT);
                    call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_VIRT_STUB;

#ifdef TARGET_X86
                    // No tailcalls allowed for these yet...
                    canTailCall             = false;
                    szCanTailCallFailReason = "VirtualCall with runtime lookup";
#endif
                }
                else
                {
                    // The stub address is known at compile time
                    call                               = gtNewCallNode(CT_USER_FUNC, callInfo->hMethod, callRetTyp, di);
                    call->AsCall()->gtStubCallStubAddr = callInfo->stubLookup.constLookup.addr;
                    call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_VIRT_STUB;
                    assert(callInfo->stubLookup.constLookup.accessType != IAT_PPVALUE &&
                           callInfo->stubLookup.constLookup.accessType != IAT_RELPVALUE);
                    if (callInfo->stubLookup.constLookup.accessType == IAT_PVALUE)
                    {
                        call->AsCall()->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_VIRTSTUB_REL_INDIRECT;
                    }
                }

#ifdef FEATURE_READYTORUN
                if (IsAot())
                {
                    // Null check is sometimes needed for ready to run to handle
                    // non-virtual <-> virtual changes between versions
                    if (callInfo->nullInstanceCheck)
                    {
                        call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_NULLCHECK;
                    }
                }
#endif

                break;
            }

            case CORINFO_VIRTUALCALL_VTABLE:
            {
                assert(!(mflags & CORINFO_FLG_STATIC)); // can't call a static method
                assert(!(clsFlags & CORINFO_FLG_VALUECLASS));
                call = gtNewCallNode(CT_USER_FUNC, callInfo->hMethod, callRetTyp, di);
                call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_VIRT_VTABLE;

                if (opts.OptimizationEnabled())
                {
                    // Mark this method to expand the virtual call target early in fgMorphCall
                    call->AsCall()->SetExpandedEarly();
                }
                break;
            }

            case CORINFO_VIRTUALCALL_LDVIRTFTN:
            {
                assert(!(mflags & CORINFO_FLG_STATIC)); // can't call a static method
                assert(!(clsFlags & CORINFO_FLG_VALUECLASS));

                const bool needsFatPointerHandling =
                    (sig->sigInst.methInstCount != 0) && IsTargetAbi(CORINFO_NATIVEAOT_ABI);
                if (needsFatPointerHandling)
                {
                    // NativeAOT generic virtual method: need to handle potential fat function pointers
                    // Spill any side-effecting arguments before we do the LDVIRTFTN
                    impSpillSideEffects(false, CHECK_SPILL_ALL DEBUGARG("fat pointer arg spill"));
                }

                // OK, We've been told to call via LDVIRTFTN, so just
                // take the call now....
                call = gtNewIndCallNode(nullptr, callRetTyp, di);

                if (sig->isAsyncCall())
                {
                    impSetupAsyncCall(call->AsCall(), opcode, prefixFlags, di);

                    if (compDonotInline())
                    {
                        return TYP_UNDEF;
                    }
                }

                impPopCallArgs(sig, call->AsCall());

                if (call->AsCall()->IsAsync())
                {
                    impInsertAsyncContinuationForLdvirtftnCall(call->AsCall());
                }

                GenTree* thisPtr = impPopStack().val;
                thisPtr          = impTransformThis(thisPtr, pConstrainedResolvedToken, callInfo->thisTransform);
                assert(thisPtr != nullptr);

                GenTree* origThisPtr = thisPtr;

                // Clone the (possibly transformed) "this" pointer
                GenTree* thisPtrCopy;
                thisPtr =
                    impCloneExpr(thisPtr, &thisPtrCopy, CHECK_SPILL_ALL, nullptr DEBUGARG("LDVIRTFTN this pointer"));

                // We cloned the "this" pointer, mark it as a single def and set the class for it
                if (thisPtr->OperIsLocal() && thisPtr->TypeIs(TYP_REF) && (origThisPtr != thisPtr))
                {
                    lvaGetDesc(thisPtr->AsLclVarCommon())->lvSingleDef = 1;
                    lvaSetClass(thisPtr->AsLclVarCommon()->GetLclNum(), origThisPtr);
                }

                GenTree* fptr = impImportLdvirtftn(thisPtr, pResolvedToken, callInfo);
                assert(fptr != nullptr);

                call->AsCall()
                    ->gtArgs.PushFront(this, NewCallArg::Primitive(thisPtrCopy).WellKnown(WellKnownArg::ThisPointer));

                // Now make an indirect call through the function pointer
                call->AsCall()->gtCallAddr = fptr;
                call->gtFlags |= GTF_EXCEPT | (fptr->gtFlags & GTF_GLOB_EFFECT);

                if (needsFatPointerHandling)
                {
                    const unsigned fptrLclNum = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("fat pointer temp"));
                    impStoreToTemp(fptrLclNum, fptr, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);
                    call->AsCall()->gtCallAddr = gtNewLclvNode(fptrLclNum, genActualType(fptr->TypeGet()));
                    addFatPointerCandidate(call->AsCall());
                }
#ifdef FEATURE_READYTORUN
                if (IsAot())
                {
                    // Null check is needed for ready to run to handle
                    // non-virtual <-> virtual changes between versions
                    call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_NULLCHECK;
                }
#endif

                // Since we are jumping over some code, check that its OK to skip that code
                assert((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) != CORINFO_CALLCONV_VARARG &&
                       (sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) != CORINFO_CALLCONV_NATIVEVARARG);

                goto DEVIRT;
            }

            case CORINFO_CALL:
            {
                // This is for a non-virtual, non-interface etc. call
                call = gtNewCallNode(CT_USER_FUNC, callInfo->hMethod, callRetTyp, di);

                // We remove the nullcheck for the GetType call intrinsic.
                // TODO-CQ: JIT64 does not introduce the null check for many more helper calls
                // and intrinsics.
                if (callInfo->nullInstanceCheck &&
                    !((mflags & CORINFO_FLG_INTRINSIC) != 0 && (ni == NI_System_Object_GetType)))
                {
                    call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_NULLCHECK;
                }

#ifdef FEATURE_READYTORUN
                if (IsAot())
                {
                    call->AsCall()->setEntryPoint(callInfo->codePointerLookup.constLookup);
                }
#endif
                break;
            }

            case CORINFO_CALL_CODE_POINTER:
            {
                // The EE has asked us to call by computing a code pointer and then doing an
                // indirect call.  This is because a runtime lookup is required to get the code entry point.

                // These calls always follow a uniform calling convention, i.e. no extra hidden params
                assert((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_PARAMTYPE) == 0);

                assert((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) != CORINFO_CALLCONV_VARARG);
                assert((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) != CORINFO_CALLCONV_NATIVEVARARG);

                GenTree* fptr = impLookupToTree(&callInfo->codePointerLookup, GTF_ICON_FTN_ADDR, callInfo->hMethod);

                if (compDonotInline())
                {
                    return TYP_UNDEF;
                }

                // Now make an indirect call through the function pointer

                unsigned lclNum = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("Indirect call through function pointer"));
                impStoreToTemp(lclNum, fptr, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);
                fptr = gtNewLclvNode(lclNum, TYP_I_IMPL);

                call = gtNewIndCallNode(fptr, callRetTyp, di);
                call->gtFlags |= GTF_EXCEPT | (fptr->gtFlags & GTF_GLOB_EFFECT);
                if (callInfo->nullInstanceCheck)
                {
                    call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_NULLCHECK;
                }

                break;
            }

            default:
                assert(!"unknown call kind");
                break;
        }

        //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
        // Set more flags

        assert(call != nullptr);

        if (mflags & CORINFO_FLG_NOGCCHECK)
        {
            call->AsCall()->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_NOGCCHECK;
        }

        // Mark call if it's one of the ones we will maybe treat as an intrinsic
        if (isSpecialIntrinsic)
        {
            call->AsCall()->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_SPECIAL_INTRINSIC;
        }
    }
    assert(sig);
    assert(clsHnd || (opcode == CEE_CALLI)); // We're never verifying for CALLI, so this is not set.

    /* Some sanity checks */

    // CALL_VIRT and NEWOBJ must have a THIS pointer
    assert((opcode != CEE_CALLVIRT && opcode != CEE_NEWOBJ) || (sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_HASTHIS));
    // static bit and hasThis are negations of one another
    assert(((mflags & CORINFO_FLG_STATIC) != 0) == ((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_HASTHIS) == 0));
    assert(call != nullptr);

    /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     * Check special-cases etc
     */

    /* Special case - Check if it is a call to Delegate.Invoke(). */

    if (mflags & CORINFO_FLG_DELEGATE_INVOKE)
    {
        assert(!(mflags & CORINFO_FLG_STATIC)); // can't call a static method
        assert(mflags & CORINFO_FLG_FINAL);

        /* Set the delegate flag */
        call->AsCall()->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_DELEGATE_INV;

        if (callInfo->wrapperDelegateInvoke)
        {
            call->AsCall()->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_WRAPPER_DELEGATE_INV;
        }

        if (opcode == CEE_CALLVIRT)
        {
            assert(mflags & CORINFO_FLG_FINAL);

            /* It should have the GTF_CALL_NULLCHECK flag set. Reset it */
            assert(call->gtFlags & GTF_CALL_NULLCHECK);
            call->gtFlags &= ~GTF_CALL_NULLCHECK;
        }
    }

    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE actualMethodRetTypeSigClass;
    actualMethodRetTypeSigClass = sig->retTypeSigClass;

    /* Check for varargs */
    if (!compFeatureVarArg() && ((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) == CORINFO_CALLCONV_VARARG ||
                                 (sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) == CORINFO_CALLCONV_NATIVEVARARG))
    {
        BADCODE("Varargs not supported.");
    }

    if ((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) == CORINFO_CALLCONV_VARARG ||
        (sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) == CORINFO_CALLCONV_NATIVEVARARG)
    {
        /* Set the right flags */

        call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_POP_ARGS;
        call->AsCall()->gtArgs.SetIsVarArgs();

        /* Can't allow tailcall for varargs as it is caller-pop. The caller
           will be expecting to pop a certain number of arguments, but if we
           tailcall to a function with a different number of arguments, we
           are hosed. There are ways around this (caller remembers esp value,
           varargs is not caller-pop, etc), but not worth it. */

#ifdef TARGET_X86
        if (canTailCall)
        {
            canTailCall             = false;
            szCanTailCallFailReason = "Callee is varargs";
        }
#endif

        /* Get the total number of arguments - this is already correct
         * for CALLI - for methods we have to get it from the call site */

        if (opcode != CEE_CALLI)
        {
#ifdef DEBUG
            unsigned numArgsDef = sig->numArgs;
#endif
            eeGetCallSiteSig(pResolvedToken->token, pResolvedToken->tokenScope, pResolvedToken->tokenContext, sig);

            // For vararg calls we must be sure to load the return type of the
            // method actually being called, as well as the return types of the
            // specified in the vararg signature. With type equivalency, these types
            // may not be the same.
            if (sig->retTypeSigClass != actualMethodRetTypeSigClass)
            {
                if (actualMethodRetTypeSigClass != nullptr && sig->retType != CORINFO_TYPE_CLASS &&
                    sig->retType != CORINFO_TYPE_BYREF && sig->retType != CORINFO_TYPE_PTR &&
                    sig->retType != CORINFO_TYPE_VAR)
                {
                    // Make sure that all valuetypes (including enums) that we push are loaded.
                    // This is to guarantee that if a GC is triggered from the prestub of this methods,
                    // all valuetypes in the method signature are already loaded.
                    // We need to be able to find the size of the valuetypes, but we cannot
                    // do a class-load from within GC.
                    info.compCompHnd->classMustBeLoadedBeforeCodeIsRun(actualMethodRetTypeSigClass);
                }
            }

            assert(numArgsDef <= sig->numArgs);
        }

        /* We will have "cookie" as the last argument but we cannot push
         * it on the operand stack because we may overflow, so we append it
         * to the arg list next after we pop them */
    }

    //--------------------------- Inline PInvoke ------------------------------
    // If this is a call to a PInvoke method, we may be able to inline the invocation frame.
    //
    impCheckForPInvokeCall(call->AsCall(), methHnd, sig, mflags, compCurBB);

#ifdef UNIX_X86_ABI
    // On Unix x86 we use caller-cleaned convention.
    if ((call->gtFlags & GTF_CALL_UNMANAGED) == 0)
        call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_POP_ARGS;
#endif // UNIX_X86_ABI

    if (call->gtFlags & GTF_CALL_UNMANAGED)
    {
        assert(call->IsCall());

        // We set up the unmanaged call by linking the frame, disabling GC, etc
        // This needs to be cleaned up on return.
        // In addition, native calls have different normalization rules than managed code
        // (managed calling convention always widens return values in the callee)
        if (canTailCall)
        {
            canTailCall             = false;
            szCanTailCallFailReason = "Callee is native";
        }

        checkForSmallType = true;

        impPopArgsForUnmanagedCall(call->AsCall(), sig, &swiftErrorNode);

        goto DONE;
    }
    else if ((opcode == CEE_CALLI) && ((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) != CORINFO_CALLCONV_DEFAULT) &&
             ((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) != CORINFO_CALLCONV_VARARG))
    {
        void*                pCookie;
        void*                cookie       = info.compCompHnd->GetCookieForPInvokeCalliSig(sig, &pCookie);
        CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP cookieLookup = eeConvertToLookup(cookie, pCookie);
        call->AsCall()->gtCallCookie      = new (getAllocator(CMK_ASTNode)) CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP(cookieLookup);

        if (canTailCall)
        {
            canTailCall             = false;
            szCanTailCallFailReason = "PInvoke calli";
        }
    }

    if (sig->isAsyncCall())
    {
        impSetupAsyncCall(call->AsCall(), opcode, prefixFlags, di);

        if (compDonotInline())
        {
            return TYP_UNDEF;
        }

        if (lvaNextCallAsyncContinuation != BAD_VAR_NUM)
        {
            asyncContinuation            = gtNewLclVarNode(lvaNextCallAsyncContinuation);
            lvaNextCallAsyncContinuation = BAD_VAR_NUM;
        }
        else
        {
            asyncContinuation = gtNewNull();
        }
    }

    // Now create the argument list.

    //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Special case - for varargs we have an extra argument

    if ((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_MASK) == CORINFO_CALLCONV_VARARG)
    {
        void *varCookie, *pVarCookie;
        varCookie = info.compCompHnd->getVarArgsHandle(sig, methHnd, &pVarCookie);
        assert((!varCookie) != (!pVarCookie));
        varArgsCookie = gtNewIconEmbHndNode(varCookie, pVarCookie, GTF_ICON_VARG_HDL, sig);
    }

    //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Extra arg for shared generic code and array methods
    //
    // Extra argument containing instantiation information is passed in the
    // following circumstances:
    // (a) To the "Address" method on array classes; the extra parameter is
    //     the array's type handle (a TypeDesc)
    // (b) To shared-code instance methods in generic structs; the extra parameter
    //     is the struct's type handle (a vtable ptr)
    // (c) To shared-code per-instantiation non-generic static methods in generic
    //     classes and structs; the extra parameter is the type handle
    // (d) To shared-code generic methods; the extra parameter is an
    //     exact-instantiation MethodDesc
    //
    // We also set the exact type context associated with the call so we can
    // inline the call correctly later on.

    if (sig->hasTypeArg())
    {
        if (lvaNextCallGenericContext != BAD_VAR_NUM)
        {
            instParam                 = gtNewLclVarNode(lvaNextCallGenericContext);
            lvaNextCallGenericContext = BAD_VAR_NUM;
        }
        else
        {
            assert(call->AsCall()->gtCallType == CT_USER_FUNC);
            if (clsHnd == nullptr)
            {
                NO_WAY("CALLI on parameterized type");
            }

            assert(opcode != CEE_CALLI);

            bool runtimeLookup;

            // Instantiated generic method
            if (((SIZE_T)exactContextHnd & CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_MASK) == CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_METHOD)
            {
                assert(exactContextHnd != METHOD_BEING_COMPILED_CONTEXT());

                CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE exactMethodHandle =
                    (CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE)((SIZE_T)exactContextHnd & ~CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_MASK);

                if (!exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup)
                {
#ifdef FEATURE_READYTORUN
                    if (IsAot())
                    {
                        instParam =
                            gtNewIconEmbHndNode(&callInfo->instParamLookup, GTF_ICON_METHOD_HDL, exactMethodHandle);
                        if (instParam == nullptr)
                        {
                            assert(compDonotInline());
                            return TYP_UNDEF;
                        }
                    }
                    else
#endif
                    {
                        instParam = gtNewIconEmbMethHndNode(exactMethodHandle);
                        info.compCompHnd->methodMustBeLoadedBeforeCodeIsRun(exactMethodHandle);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    instParam = impTokenToHandle(pResolvedToken, &runtimeLookup, true /*mustRestoreHandle*/);
                    if (instParam == nullptr)
                    {
                        assert(compDonotInline());
                        return TYP_UNDEF;
                    }
                }
            }

            // otherwise must be an instance method in a generic struct,
            // a static method in a generic type, or a runtime-generated array method
            else
            {
                assert(((SIZE_T)exactContextHnd & CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_MASK) == CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_CLASS);
                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE exactClassHandle = eeGetClassFromContext(exactContextHnd);

                if (compIsForInlining() && (clsFlags & CORINFO_FLG_ARRAY) != 0)
                {
                    compInlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_IS_ARRAY_METHOD);
                    return TYP_UNDEF;
                }

                if ((clsFlags & CORINFO_FLG_ARRAY) && isReadonlyCall)
                {
                    // We indicate "readonly" to the Address operation by using a null
                    // instParam.
                    instParam = gtNewIconNode(0, TYP_REF);
                }
                else if (!exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup)
                {
#ifdef FEATURE_READYTORUN
                    if (IsAot())
                    {
                        instParam =
                            gtNewIconEmbHndNode(&callInfo->instParamLookup, GTF_ICON_CLASS_HDL, exactClassHandle);
                        if (instParam == nullptr)
                        {
                            assert(compDonotInline());
                            return TYP_UNDEF;
                        }
                    }
                    else
#endif
                    {
                        instParam = gtNewIconEmbClsHndNode(exactClassHandle);
                        info.compCompHnd->classMustBeLoadedBeforeCodeIsRun(exactClassHandle);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    instParam = impParentClassTokenToHandle(pResolvedToken, &runtimeLookup, true /*mustRestoreHandle*/);
                    if (instParam == nullptr)
                    {
                        assert(compDonotInline());
                        return TYP_UNDEF;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if ((opcode == CEE_NEWOBJ) && ((clsFlags & CORINFO_FLG_DELEGATE) != 0))
    {
        // Only verifiable cases are supported.
        // dup; ldvirtftn; newobj; or ldftn; newobj.
        // IL test could contain unverifiable sequence, in this case optimization should not be done.
        if (impStackHeight() > 0)
        {
            typeInfo delegateTypeInfo = impStackTop().seTypeInfo;
            if (delegateTypeInfo.IsMethod())
            {
                ldftnInfo = delegateTypeInfo.GetMethodPointerInfo();
            }
        }
    }

    //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // The main group of arguments, and the this pointer.

    // 'this' is pushed on the IL stack before all call args, but if this is a
    // constrained call 'this' is a byref that may need to be dereferenced.
    // That dereference should happen _after_ all args, so we need to spill
    // them if they can interfere.
    bool hasThis;
    hasThis = ((mflags & CORINFO_FLG_STATIC) == 0) && ((sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_EXPLICITTHIS) == 0) &&
              ((opcode != CEE_NEWOBJ) || (newobjThis != nullptr));

    if (hasThis && (constraintCallThisTransform == CORINFO_DEREF_THIS))
    {
        impSpillSideEffects(false, CHECK_SPILL_ALL DEBUGARG(
                                       "constrained call requires dereference for 'this' right before call"));
    }

    impPopCallArgs(sig, call->AsCall());

    // Extra args
    if ((instParam != nullptr) || (asyncContinuation != nullptr) || (varArgsCookie != nullptr))
    {
        if (Target::g_tgtArgOrder == Target::ARG_ORDER_R2L)
        {
            if (varArgsCookie != nullptr)
            {
                call->AsCall()->gtArgs.PushFront(this, NewCallArg::Primitive(varArgsCookie)
                                                           .WellKnown(WellKnownArg::VarArgsCookie));
            }

            if (asyncContinuation != nullptr)
            {
                call->AsCall()->gtArgs.PushFront(this, NewCallArg::Primitive(asyncContinuation)
                                                           .WellKnown(WellKnownArg::AsyncContinuation));
            }

            if (instParam != nullptr)
            {
                call->AsCall()->gtArgs.PushFront(this,
                                                 NewCallArg::Primitive(instParam).WellKnown(WellKnownArg::InstParam));
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if (asyncContinuation != nullptr)
            {
                call->AsCall()->gtArgs.PushBack(this, NewCallArg::Primitive(asyncContinuation)
                                                          .WellKnown(WellKnownArg::AsyncContinuation));
            }

            if (instParam != nullptr)
            {
                call->AsCall()->gtArgs.PushBack(this,
                                                NewCallArg::Primitive(instParam).WellKnown(WellKnownArg::InstParam));
            }

            if (varArgsCookie != nullptr)
            {
                call->AsCall()->gtArgs.PushBack(this, NewCallArg::Primitive(varArgsCookie)
                                                          .WellKnown(WellKnownArg::VarArgsCookie));
            }
        }
    }

    //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // The "this" pointer

    if (hasThis)
    {
        GenTree* obj;

        if (opcode == CEE_NEWOBJ)
        {
            obj = newobjThis;
        }
        else
        {
            obj = impPopStack().val;
            obj = impTransformThis(obj, pConstrainedResolvedToken, constraintCallThisTransform);
            if (compDonotInline())
            {
                return TYP_UNDEF;
            }
        }

        // Store the "this" value in the call
        call->gtFlags |= obj->gtFlags & GTF_GLOB_EFFECT;
        call->AsCall()->gtArgs.PushFront(this, NewCallArg::Primitive(obj).WellKnown(WellKnownArg::ThisPointer));

        if (impIsThis(obj))
        {
            call->AsCall()->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_NONVIRT_SAME_THIS;
        }
    }

DEVIRT:

    bool probing;
    probing = impConsiderCallProbe(call->AsCall(), rawILOffset);

    // See if we can devirt if we aren't probing.
    if (!probing && opts.OptimizationEnabled())
    {
        if (call->AsCall()->IsDevirtualizationCandidate(this))
        {
            // only true object pointers can be virtual
            assert(call->AsCall()->gtArgs.HasThisPointer() &&
                   call->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetThisArg()->GetNode()->TypeIs(TYP_REF));

            // See if we can devirtualize.

            const bool isExplicitTailCall     = (tailCallFlags & PREFIX_TAILCALL_EXPLICIT) != 0;
            const bool isLateDevirtualization = false;
            impDevirtualizeCall(call->AsCall(), pResolvedToken, &callInfo->hMethod, &callInfo->methodFlags,
                                &callInfo->contextHandle, &exactContextHnd, isLateDevirtualization, isExplicitTailCall,
                                // Take care to pass raw IL offset here as the 'debug info' might be different for
                                // inlinees.
                                rawILOffset);

            const bool wasDevirtualized = !call->AsCall()->IsDevirtualizationCandidate(this);

            if (wasDevirtualized)
            {
                // Devirtualization may change which method gets invoked. Update our local cache.
                //
                methHnd = callInfo->hMethod;

                // If we devirtualized to an intrinsic, assume this is one of the special cases.
                //
                if ((callInfo->methodFlags & CORINFO_FLG_INTRINSIC) != 0)
                {
                    call->AsCall()->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_SPECIAL_INTRINSIC;

                    GenTree* foldedCall = gtFoldExprCall(call->AsCall());
                    if ((foldedCall != call) || !call->IsCall())
                    {
                        impPushOnStack(foldedCall, typeInfo(foldedCall->TypeGet()));
                        return foldedCall->TypeGet();
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else if (call->AsCall()->IsDelegateInvoke())
        {
            considerGuardedDevirtualization(call->AsCall(), rawILOffset, false, NO_METHOD_HANDLE, NO_CLASS_HANDLE,
                                            nullptr);
        }
    }

    //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // The "this" pointer for "newobj"

    if (opcode == CEE_NEWOBJ)
    {
        if (clsFlags & CORINFO_FLG_VAROBJSIZE)
        {
            assert(!(clsFlags & CORINFO_FLG_ARRAY)); // arrays handled separately
            // This is a 'new' of a variable sized object, wher
            // the constructor is to return the object.  In this case
            // the constructor claims to return VOID but we know it
            // actually returns the new object
            assert(callRetTyp == TYP_VOID);
            callRetTyp   = TYP_REF;
            call->gtType = TYP_REF;
            impSpillSpecialSideEff();

            impPushOnStack(call, typeInfo(clsHnd));
        }
        else
        {
            if (clsFlags & CORINFO_FLG_DELEGATE)
            {
                // New inliner morph it in impImportCall.
                // This will allow us to inline the call to the delegate constructor.
                call = fgOptimizeDelegateConstructor(call->AsCall(), &exactContextHnd, ldftnInfo);
                if (compDonotInline())
                {
                    return TYP_UNDEF;
                }
            }

            if (!bIntrinsicImported)
            {
                // Keep track of the raw IL offset of the call
                INDEBUG(call->AsCall()->gtRawILOffset = rawILOffset);

                // Is it an inline candidate?
                impMarkInlineCandidate(call, exactContextHnd, exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup, callInfo,
                                       compInlineContext);
            }

            // append the call node.
            impAppendTree(call, CHECK_SPILL_ALL, impCurStmtDI);

            // Now push the value of the 'new onto the stack

            // This is a 'new' of a non-variable sized object.
            // Append the new node (op1) to the statement list,
            // and then push the local holding the value of this
            // new instruction on the stack.

            if (clsFlags & CORINFO_FLG_VALUECLASS)
            {
                assert(newobjThis->IsLclVarAddr());

                unsigned lclNum = newobjThis->AsLclVarCommon()->GetLclNum();
                impPushOnStack(gtNewLclvNode(lclNum, lvaGetRealType(lclNum)), makeTypeInfo(clsHnd));
            }
            else
            {
                if (newobjThis->OperIs(GT_COMMA))
                {
                    // We must have inserted the callout. Get the real newobj.
                    newobjThis = newobjThis->AsOp()->gtOp2;
                }

                assert(newobjThis->OperIs(GT_LCL_VAR));
                impPushOnStack(gtNewLclvNode(newobjThis->AsLclVarCommon()->GetLclNum(), TYP_REF), typeInfo(clsHnd));
            }
        }
        return callRetTyp;
    }

DONE:

#ifdef DEBUG
    // In debug we want to be able to register callsites with the EE.
    assert(call->AsCall()->callSig == nullptr);
    call->AsCall()->callSig  = new (this, CMK_DebugOnly) CORINFO_SIG_INFO;
    *call->AsCall()->callSig = *sig;
#endif

    // Final importer checks for calls flagged as tail calls.
    //
    if (tailCallFlags != 0)
    {
        const bool isExplicitTailCall = (tailCallFlags & PREFIX_TAILCALL_EXPLICIT) != 0;
        const bool isImplicitTailCall = (tailCallFlags & PREFIX_TAILCALL_IMPLICIT) != 0;

        // Exactly one of these should be true.
        assert(isExplicitTailCall != isImplicitTailCall);

        // This check cannot be performed for implicit tail calls for the reason
        // that impIsImplicitTailCallCandidate() is not checking whether return
        // types are compatible before marking a call node with PREFIX_TAILCALL_IMPLICIT.
        // As a result it is possible that in the following case, we find that
        // the type stack is non-empty if Callee() is considered for implicit
        // tail calling.
        //      int Caller(..) { .... void Callee(); ret val; ... }
        //
        // Note that we cannot check return type compatibility before ImpImportCall()
        // as we don't have required info or need to duplicate some of the logic of
        // ImpImportCall().
        //
        // For implicit tail calls, we perform this check after return types are
        // known to be compatible.
        if (isExplicitTailCall && (stackState.esStackDepth != 0))
        {
            BADCODE("Stack should be empty after tailcall");
        }

        // For opportunistic tailcalls we allow implicit widening, i.e. tailcalls from int32 -> int16, since the
        // managed calling convention dictates that the callee widens the value. For explicit tailcalls or async
        // functions we don't want to require this detail of the calling convention to bubble up to helper
        // infrastructure.
        bool allowWidening = isImplicitTailCall && !call->AsCall()->IsAsync();
        if (canTailCall &&
            !impTailCallRetTypeCompatible(allowWidening, info.compRetType, info.compMethodInfo->args.retTypeClass,
                                          info.compCallConv, callRetTyp, sig->retTypeClass,
                                          call->AsCall()->GetUnmanagedCallConv()))
        {
            canTailCall             = false;
            szCanTailCallFailReason = "Return types are not tail call compatible";
        }

        // Stack empty check for implicit tail calls.
        if (canTailCall && isImplicitTailCall && (stackState.esStackDepth != 0))
        {
            BADCODE("Stack should be empty after tailcall");
        }

        // assert(compCurBB is not a catch, finally or filter block);
        // assert(compCurBB is not a try block protected by a finally block);
        assert(!isExplicitTailCall || compCurBB->KindIs(BBJ_RETURN));

        // Ask VM for permission to tailcall
        if (canTailCall)
        {
            // True virtual or indirect calls, shouldn't pass in a callee handle.
            CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE exactCalleeHnd =
                ((call->AsCall()->gtCallType != CT_USER_FUNC) || call->AsCall()->IsVirtual()) ? nullptr : methHnd;

            if (info.compCompHnd->canTailCall(info.compMethodHnd, methHnd, exactCalleeHnd, isExplicitTailCall))
            {
                if (isExplicitTailCall)
                {
                    // In case of explicit tail calls, mark it so that it is not considered
                    // for in-lining.
                    call->AsCall()->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_EXPLICIT_TAILCALL;
                    JITDUMP("\nGTF_CALL_M_EXPLICIT_TAILCALL set for call [%06u]\n", dspTreeID(call));

#ifdef DEBUG
                    if ((prefixFlags & PREFIX_TAILCALL_STRESS) != 0)
                    {
                        call->AsCall()->gtCallDebugFlags |= GTF_CALL_MD_STRESS_TAILCALL;
                        JITDUMP("\nGTF_CALL_MD_STRESS_TAILCALL set for call [%06u]\n", dspTreeID(call));
                    }
#endif
                }
                else
                {
#if FEATURE_TAILCALL_OPT
                    // Must be an implicit tail call.
                    assert(isImplicitTailCall);

                    // It is possible that a call node is both an inline candidate and marked
                    // for opportunistic tail calling.  Inlining happens before morphing of
                    // trees.  If inlining of an inline candidate gets aborted for whatever
                    // reason, it will survive to the morphing stage at which point it will be
                    // transformed into a tail call after performing additional checks.

                    call->AsCall()->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_IMPLICIT_TAILCALL;
                    JITDUMP("\nGTF_CALL_M_IMPLICIT_TAILCALL set for call [%06u]\n", dspTreeID(call));

#else //! FEATURE_TAILCALL_OPT
                    NYI("Implicit tail call prefix on a target which doesn't support opportunistic tail calls");

#endif // FEATURE_TAILCALL_OPT
                }

                // This might or might not turn into a tailcall. We do more
                // checks in morph. For explicit tailcalls we need more
                // information in morph in case it turns out to be a
                // helper-based tailcall.
                if (isExplicitTailCall)
                {
                    assert(call->AsCall()->tailCallInfo == nullptr);
                    call->AsCall()->tailCallInfo = new (this, CMK_CorTailCallInfo) TailCallSiteInfo;
                    switch (opcode)
                    {
                        case CEE_CALLI:
                            call->AsCall()->tailCallInfo->SetCalli(sig);
                            break;
                        case CEE_CALLVIRT:
                            call->AsCall()->tailCallInfo->SetCallvirt(sig, pResolvedToken);
                            break;
                        default:
                            call->AsCall()->tailCallInfo->SetCall(sig, pResolvedToken);
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                // canTailCall reported its reasons already
                canTailCall = false;
                JITDUMP("\ninfo.compCompHnd->canTailCall returned false for call [%06u]\n", dspTreeID(call));
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // If this assert fires it means that canTailCall was set to false without setting a reason!
            assert(szCanTailCallFailReason != nullptr);
            JITDUMP("\nRejecting %splicit tail call for [%06u], reason: '%s'\n", isExplicitTailCall ? "ex" : "im",
                    dspTreeID(call), szCanTailCallFailReason);
            info.compCompHnd->reportTailCallDecision(info.compMethodHnd, methHnd, isExplicitTailCall, TAILCALL_FAIL,
                                                     szCanTailCallFailReason);
        }
    }

    // Note: we assume that small return types are already normalized by the managed callee
    // or by the pinvoke stub for calls to unmanaged code.

    if (!bIntrinsicImported)
    {
        //
        // Things needed to be checked when bIntrinsicImported is false.
        //

        assert(call->OperIs(GT_CALL));
        assert(callInfo != nullptr);

        if (compIsForInlining() && opcode == CEE_CALLVIRT)
        {
            assert(call->AsCall()->gtArgs.HasThisPointer());
            GenTree* callObj = call->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetThisArg()->GetEarlyNode();

            if ((call->AsCall()->IsVirtual() || (call->gtFlags & GTF_CALL_NULLCHECK)) &&
                impInlineIsGuaranteedThisDerefBeforeAnySideEffects(nullptr, &call->AsCall()->gtArgs, callObj,
                                                                   impInlineInfo->inlArgInfo))
            {
                impInlineInfo->thisDereferencedFirst = true;
            }
        }

        // Keep track of the raw IL offset of the call
        INDEBUG(call->AsCall()->gtRawILOffset = rawILOffset);

        // Is it an inline candidate?
        impMarkInlineCandidate(call, exactContextHnd, exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup, callInfo, compInlineContext);

        // If the call is virtual, extra information for possible use during late devirt inlining.
        //
        if (call->AsCall()->IsDevirtualizationCandidate(this))
        {
            JITDUMP("\nSaving late devirtualization info for call [%06u]\n", dspTreeID(call->AsCall()));
            assert(call->AsCall()->gtInlineContext == impCurStmtDI.GetInlineContext());
            LateDevirtualizationInfo* const info       = new (this, CMK_Inlining) LateDevirtualizationInfo;
            info->methodHnd                            = callInfo->hMethod;
            info->exactContextHnd                      = exactContextHnd;
            info->ilLocation                           = impCurStmtDI.GetLocation();
            call->AsCall()->gtLateDevirtualizationInfo = info;
        }
    }

    // Extra checks for tail calls and tail recursion.
    //
    // A tail recursive call is a potential loop from the current block to the start of the root method.
    // If we see a tail recursive call, mark the blocks from the call site back to the entry as potentially
    // being in a loop.
    //
    // Note: if we're importing an inlinee we don't mark the right set of blocks, but by then it's too
    // late. Currently this doesn't lead to problems. See GitHub issue 33529.
    //
    // OSR also needs to handle tail calls specially:
    // * block profiling in OSR methods needs to ensure probes happen before tail calls, not after.
    // * the root method entry must be imported if there's a recursive tail call or a potentially
    //   inlineable tail call.
    //
    if ((tailCallFlags != 0) && canTailCall)
    {
        if (gtIsRecursiveCall(methHnd))
        {
            assert(stackState.esStackDepth == 0);
            BasicBlock* loopHead = nullptr;
            if (!compIsForInlining() && opts.IsOSR())
            {
                // For root method OSR we may branch back to the actual method entry,
                // which is not fgFirstBB, and which we will need to import.
                assert(fgEntryBB != nullptr);
                loopHead = fgEntryBB;
            }
            else
            {
                // For normal jitting we may branch back to the firstBB; this
                // should already be imported.
                loopHead = fgGetFirstILBlock();
            }

            JITDUMP("\nTail recursive call [%06u] in the method. Mark " FMT_BB " to " FMT_BB
                    " as having a backward branch.\n",
                    dspTreeID(call), loopHead->bbNum, compCurBB->bbNum);
            fgMarkBackwardJump(loopHead, compCurBB);

            setMethodHasRecursiveTailcall();
            compCurBB->SetFlags(BBF_RECURSIVE_TAILCALL);
        }

        // If we might be instrumenting, flag blocks that might be tail call successors
        // so we can relocate probes before the calls.
        //
        if (opts.IsInstrumentedAndOptimized() || opts.IsOSR())
        {
            // If a root method tail call candidate block is not a BBJ_RETURN, it should have a unique
            // BBJ_RETURN successor. Mark that successor so we can handle it specially during profile
            // instrumentation.
            //
            if (!compCurBB->KindIs(BBJ_RETURN))
            {
                BasicBlock* const successor = compCurBB->GetUniqueSucc();
                assert(successor->KindIs(BBJ_RETURN));
                successor->SetFlags(BBF_TAILCALL_SUCCESSOR);
                optMethodFlags |= OMF_HAS_TAILCALL_SUCCESSOR;
            }
        }
    }

    if ((sig->flags & CORINFO_SIGFLAG_FAT_CALL) != 0)
    {
        assert(opcode == CEE_CALLI || callInfo->kind == CORINFO_CALL_CODE_POINTER);
        addFatPointerCandidate(call->AsCall());
    }

DONE_CALL:
    // Push or append the result of the call
    if (callRetTyp == TYP_VOID)
    {
        if (opcode == CEE_NEWOBJ)
        {
            // we actually did push something, so don't spill the thing we just pushed.
            assert(stackState.esStackDepth > 0);
            impAppendTree(call, stackState.esStackDepth - 1, impCurStmtDI);
        }
        else if (JitConfig.JitProfileValues() && call->IsCall() &&
                 call->AsCall()->IsSpecialIntrinsic(this, NI_System_SpanHelpers_Memmove))
        {
            if (opts.IsOptimizedWithProfile())
            {
                call = impDuplicateWithProfiledArg(call->AsCall(), rawILOffset);
            }
            else if (opts.IsInstrumented())
            {
                // We might want to instrument it for optimized versions too, but we don't currently.
                HandleHistogramProfileCandidateInfo* pInfo =
                    new (this, CMK_Inlining) HandleHistogramProfileCandidateInfo;
                pInfo->ilOffset                                       = rawILOffset;
                pInfo->probeIndex                                     = 0;
                call->AsCall()->gtHandleHistogramProfileCandidateInfo = pInfo;
                compCurBB->SetFlags(BBF_HAS_VALUE_PROFILE);
            }
            impAppendTree(call, CHECK_SPILL_ALL, impCurStmtDI);
        }
        else
        {
            if (call->IsCall() && call->AsCall()->IsSpecialIntrinsic(this, NI_System_ArgumentNullException_ThrowIfNull))
            {
                call = impThrowIfNull(call->AsCall());
            }
            impAppendTree(call, CHECK_SPILL_ALL, impCurStmtDI);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        impSpillSpecialSideEff();

        if (clsFlags & CORINFO_FLG_ARRAY)
        {
            eeGetCallSiteSig(pResolvedToken->token, pResolvedToken->tokenScope, pResolvedToken->tokenContext, sig);
        }

        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE retTypeClass = sig->retTypeClass;

        // Sometimes "call" is not a GT_CALL (if we imported an intrinsic that didn't turn into a call)
        if (!bIntrinsicImported)
        {
            assert(call->IsCall());
            GenTreeCall* const origCall = call->AsCall();

            // If the call is a special intrinsic, we may know a more exact return type.
            //
            if (origCall->IsSpecialIntrinsic())
            {
                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE updatedRetTypeClass = impGetSpecialIntrinsicExactReturnType(origCall);

                if (updatedRetTypeClass != NO_CLASS_HANDLE)
                {
                    JITDUMP("Updating method return type to %s\n", eeGetClassName(updatedRetTypeClass));
                    retTypeClass = updatedRetTypeClass;
                }
            }

            const bool isFatPointerCandidate              = origCall->IsFatPointerCandidate();
            const bool isInlineCandidate                  = origCall->IsInlineCandidate();
            const bool isGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate = origCall->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate();

            if (varTypeIsStruct(callRetTyp))
            {
                // Need to treat all "split tree" cases here, not just inline candidates
                call       = impFixupCallStructReturn(call->AsCall(), retTypeClass);
                callRetTyp = call->TypeGet();
            }

            // TODO: consider handling fatcalli cases this way too...?
            if (isInlineCandidate || isGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate)
            {
                // We should not have made any adjustments in impFixupCallStructReturn
                // as we defer those until we know the fate of the call.
                assert(call == origCall);

                assert(opts.OptEnabled(CLFLG_INLINING));
                assert(!isFatPointerCandidate); // We should not try to inline calli.

                // Make the call its own tree (spill the stack if needed).
                // Do not consume the debug info here. This is particularly
                // important if we give up on the inline, in which case the
                // call will typically end up in the statement that contains
                // the GT_RET_EXPR that we leave on the stack.
                impAppendTree(call, CHECK_SPILL_ALL, impCurStmtDI, false);

                // TODO: Still using the widened type.
                GenTreeRetExpr* retExpr = gtNewInlineCandidateReturnExpr(call->AsCall(), genActualType(callRetTyp));

                // Link the retExpr to the call so if necessary we can manipulate it later.
                if (origCall->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate())
                {
                    for (uint8_t i = 0; i < origCall->GetInlineCandidatesCount(); i++)
                    {
                        origCall->GetGDVCandidateInfo(i)->retExpr = retExpr;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    origCall->GetSingleInlineCandidateInfo()->retExpr = retExpr;
                }

                // Propagate retExpr as the placeholder for the call.
                call = retExpr;
            }
            else
            {
                if (call->IsCall() && isFatPointerCandidate)
                {
                    // these calls should be in statements of the form call() or var = call().
                    // Such form allows to find statements with fat calls without walking through whole trees
                    // and removes problems with cutting trees.
                    unsigned   resultLcl = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("calli"));
                    LclVarDsc* varDsc    = lvaGetDesc(resultLcl);
                    // Keep the information about small typedness to avoid
                    // inserting unnecessary casts around normalization.
                    if (varTypeIsSmall(call->AsCall()->gtReturnType))
                    {
                        assert(call->AsCall()->NormalizesSmallTypesOnReturn());
                        varDsc->lvType = call->AsCall()->gtReturnType;
                    }

                    impStoreToTemp(resultLcl, call, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);
                    // impStoreToTemp can change src arg list and return type for call that returns struct.
                    var_types type = genActualType(lvaGetDesc(resultLcl)->TypeGet());
                    call           = gtNewLclvNode(resultLcl, type);
                }

                // For non-candidates we must also spill, since we
                // might have locals live on the eval stack that this
                // call can modify.
                //
                // Suppress this for certain well-known call targets
                // that we know won't modify locals, eg calls that are
                // recognized in gtCanOptimizeTypeEquality. Otherwise
                // we may break key fragile pattern matches later on.
                bool spillStack = true;
                if (call->IsCall())
                {
                    GenTreeCall* callNode = call->AsCall();
                    if (callNode->IsHelperCall() && (gtIsTypeHandleToRuntimeTypeHelper(callNode) ||
                                                     gtIsTypeHandleToRuntimeTypeHandleHelper(callNode)))
                    {
                        spillStack = false;
                    }
                    else if (callNode->IsSpecialIntrinsic())
                    {
                        spillStack = false;
                    }
                }

                if (spillStack)
                {
                    impSpillSideEffects(true, CHECK_SPILL_ALL DEBUGARG("non-inline candidate call"));
                }

                if (JitConfig.JitProfileValues() && call->IsCall() &&
                    call->AsCall()->IsSpecialIntrinsic(this, NI_System_SpanHelpers_SequenceEqual))
                {
                    if (opts.IsOptimizedWithProfile())
                    {
                        call = impDuplicateWithProfiledArg(call->AsCall(), rawILOffset);
                        if (call->OperIs(GT_QMARK))
                        {
                            // QMARK has to be a root node
                            unsigned tmp = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("Grabbing temp for Qmark"));
                            impStoreToTemp(tmp, call, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);
                            call = gtNewLclvNode(tmp, call->TypeGet());
                        }
                    }
                    else if (opts.IsInstrumented())
                    {
                        // We might want to instrument it for optimized versions too, but we don't currently.
                        HandleHistogramProfileCandidateInfo* pInfo =
                            new (this, CMK_Inlining) HandleHistogramProfileCandidateInfo;
                        pInfo->ilOffset                                       = rawILOffset;
                        pInfo->probeIndex                                     = 0;
                        call->AsCall()->gtHandleHistogramProfileCandidateInfo = pInfo;
                        compCurBB->SetFlags(BBF_HAS_VALUE_PROFILE);
                    }
                }
            }

            //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
            //
            /* If the call is of a small type and the callee is managed, the callee will normalize the result
                before returning.
                However, we need to normalize small type values returned by unmanaged
                functions (pinvoke). The pinvoke stub does the normalization, but we need to do it here
                if we use the shorter inlined pinvoke stub. */

            if (checkForSmallType && varTypeIsIntegral(callRetTyp) && genTypeSize(callRetTyp) < genTypeSize(TYP_INT))
            {
                call = gtNewCastNode(genActualType(callRetTyp), call, false, callRetTyp);
            }
        }

        typeInfo tiRetVal = makeTypeInfo(sig->retType, retTypeClass);
        impPushOnStack(call, tiRetVal);
    }

#ifdef SWIFT_SUPPORT
    // If call is a Swift call with error handling, append additional IR
    // to handle storing the error register's value post-call.
    if (swiftErrorNode != nullptr)
    {
        impAppendSwiftErrorStore(swiftErrorNode);
    }
#endif // SWIFT_SUPPORT

    return callRetTyp;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impThrowIfNull: Remove redundant boxing from ArgumentNullException_ThrowIfNull
//    it is done for Tier0 where we can't remove it without inlining otherwise.
//
// Arguments:
//    call -- call representing ArgumentNullException_ThrowIfNull
//
// Return Value:
//    Optimized tree (or the original call tree if we can't optimize it).
//
GenTree* Compiler::impThrowIfNull(GenTreeCall* call)
{
    // We have two overloads:
    //
    //  void ThrowIfNull(object argument, string paramName = null)
    //  void ThrowIfNull(object argument, ExceptionArgument paramName)
    //
    assert(call->IsSpecialIntrinsic(this, NI_System_ArgumentNullException_ThrowIfNull));
    assert(call->gtArgs.CountUserArgs() == 2);
    assert(call->TypeIs(TYP_VOID));

    if (!opts.Tier0OptimizationEnabled())
    {
        // Don't fold it for debug code or forced MinOpts
        return call;
    }

    GenTree* value     = call->gtArgs.GetUserArgByIndex(0)->GetNode();
    GenTree* valueName = call->gtArgs.GetUserArgByIndex(1)->GetNode();

    // Case 1: value-type (non-nullable):
    //
    //  ArgumentNullException_ThrowIfNull(GT_BOX(value), valueName)
    //    ->
    //  NOP (with side-effects if any)
    //
    if (value->OperIs(GT_BOX))
    {
        // Now we need to spill the addr and argName arguments in the correct order
        // to preserve possible side effects.
        unsigned boxedValTmp     = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("boxedVal spilled"));
        unsigned boxedArgNameTmp = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("boxedArg spilled"));
        impStoreToTemp(boxedValTmp, value, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);
        impStoreToTemp(boxedArgNameTmp, valueName, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);
        gtTryRemoveBoxUpstreamEffects(value, BR_REMOVE_AND_NARROW);
        return gtNewNothingNode();
    }

    // Case 2: nullable:
    //
    //  ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(CORINFO_HELP_BOX_NULLABLE(classHandle, addr), valueName);
    //    ->
    //  addr->hasValue != 0 ? NOP : ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(null, valueNameTmp)
    //
    if (opts.OptimizationEnabled() || !value->IsHelperCall(this, CORINFO_HELP_BOX_NULLABLE))
    {
        // We're not boxing - bail out.
        // NOTE: when opts are enabled, we remove the box as is (with better CQ)
        return call;
    }

    GenTree* boxHelperClsArg  = value->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetUserArgByIndex(0)->GetNode();
    GenTree* boxHelperAddrArg = value->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetUserArgByIndex(1)->GetNode();

    if ((boxHelperClsArg->gtFlags & GTF_SIDE_EFFECT) != 0)
    {
        // boxHelperClsArg is always just a class handle constant, so we don't bother spilling it.
        return call;
    }

    // Now we need to spill the addr and argName arguments in the correct order
    // to preserve possible side effects.
    unsigned boxedValTmp     = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("boxedVal spilled"));
    unsigned boxedArgNameTmp = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("boxedArg spilled"));
    impStoreToTemp(boxedValTmp, boxHelperAddrArg, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);
    impStoreToTemp(boxedArgNameTmp, valueName, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);

    // Change arguments to 'ThrowIfNull(null, valueNameTmp)'
    call->gtArgs.GetUserArgByIndex(0)->SetEarlyNode(gtNewNull());
    call->gtArgs.GetUserArgByIndex(1)->SetEarlyNode(gtNewLclvNode(boxedArgNameTmp, valueName->TypeGet()));

    // This is Tier0 specific, so we create a raw indir node to access Nullable<T>.hasValue field
    // which is the first field of Nullable<T> struct and is of type 'bool'.
    //
    static_assert(OFFSETOF__CORINFO_NullableOfT__hasValue == 0);
    GenTree*   hasValueField = gtNewIndir(TYP_UBYTE, gtNewLclvNode(boxedValTmp, boxHelperAddrArg->TypeGet()));
    GenTreeOp* cond          = gtNewOperNode(GT_NE, TYP_INT, hasValueField, gtNewIconNode(0));

    return gtNewQmarkNode(TYP_VOID, cond, gtNewColonNode(TYP_VOID, gtNewNothingNode(), call));
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impDuplicateWithProfiledArg: duplicates a call with a profiled argument, e.g.:
//    Given `Buffer.Memmove(dst, src, len)` call,
//    optimize it to:
//
//    if (len == popularSize)
//        Buffer.Memmove(dst, src, popularSize); // can be unrolled now
//    else
//        Buffer.Memmove(dst, src, len); // fallback
//
//    if we can obtain the popular size from PGO data.
//
// Arguments:
//    call     -- call to optimize with profiled argument
//    ilOffset -- Raw IL offset of the call
//
// Return Value:
//    Optimized tree (or the original call tree if we can't optimize it).
//
GenTree* Compiler::impDuplicateWithProfiledArg(GenTreeCall* call, IL_OFFSET ilOffset)
{
    assert(call->IsSpecialIntrinsic());
    assert(opts.IsOptimizedWithProfile());

    if (call->IsInlineCandidate())
    {
        // We decided to inline the whole thing? We won't be able to clone it then.
        return call;
    }

    const unsigned    MaxLikelyValues = 8;
    LikelyValueRecord likelyValues[MaxLikelyValues];
    UINT32            valuesCount =
        getLikelyValues(likelyValues, MaxLikelyValues, fgPgoSchema, fgPgoSchemaCount, fgPgoData, ilOffset);

    JITDUMP("%u likely values:\n", valuesCount)
    for (UINT32 i = 0; i < valuesCount; i++)
    {
        JITDUMP("  %u) %u - %u%%\n", i, likelyValues[i].value, likelyValues[i].likelihood)
    }

    // For now, we only do a single guess, but it's pretty straightforward to
    // extend it to support multiple guesses.
    LikelyValueRecord likelyValue = likelyValues[0];
#if DEBUG
    // Re-use JitRandomGuardedDevirtualization for stress-testing.
    if (JitConfig.JitRandomGuardedDevirtualization() != 0)
    {
        CLRRandom* random = impInlineRoot()->m_inlineStrategy->GetRandom(JitConfig.JitRandomGuardedDevirtualization());

        valuesCount            = 1;
        likelyValue.value      = random->Next(256);
        likelyValue.likelihood = 100;
    }
#endif

    // TODO: Tune the likelihood threshold, for now it's 50%
    if ((valuesCount > 0) && (likelyValue.likelihood >= 50))
    {
        const ssize_t profiledValue = likelyValue.value;

        unsigned argNum   = 0;
        ssize_t  minValue = 0;
        ssize_t  maxValue = 0;
        if (call->IsSpecialIntrinsic(this, NI_System_SpanHelpers_Memmove))
        {
            // dst(0), src(1), len(2)
            argNum = 2;

            minValue = 1; // TODO: enable for 0 as well.
            maxValue = (ssize_t)getUnrollThreshold(ProfiledMemmove);
        }
        else if (call->IsSpecialIntrinsic(this, NI_System_SpanHelpers_SequenceEqual))
        {
            // dst(0), src(1), len(2)
            argNum = 2;

            minValue = 1; // TODO: enable for 0 as well.
            maxValue = (ssize_t)getUnrollThreshold(ProfiledMemcmp);
        }
        else
        {
            // only Memmove is expected at the moment.
            // Possible future extensions: Memset, Memcpy
            unreached();
        }

        if ((profiledValue >= minValue) && (profiledValue <= maxValue))
        {
            JITDUMP("Duplicating for popular value = %u\n", profiledValue)
            DISPTREE(call)

            if (call->gtArgs.GetUserArgByIndex(argNum)->GetNode()->OperIsConst())
            {
                JITDUMP("Profiled arg is already a constant - bail out.\n")
                return call;
            }

            // Spill all the arguments to temp locals to preserve the execution order
            GenTree** argRef   = nullptr;
            GenTree*  argClone = nullptr;
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < call->gtArgs.CountUserArgs(); i++)
            {
                GenTree** node   = &call->gtArgs.GetUserArgByIndex(i)->EarlyNodeRef();
                GenTree*  cloned = impCloneExpr(*node, node, CHECK_SPILL_ALL, nullptr DEBUGARG("spilling arg"));

                // Record the reference to the argument we're going to replace.
                if (i == argNum)
                {
                    argRef   = node;
                    argClone = cloned;
                }
            }

            GenTree* fallbackCall      = gtCloneExpr(call);
            GenTree* profiledValueNode = gtNewIconNode(profiledValue, argClone->TypeGet());
            *argRef                    = profiledValueNode;

            // TODO: Specify weights for the branches in the Qmark node.
            GenTreeColon* colon = new (this, GT_COLON) GenTreeColon(call->TypeGet(), call, fallbackCall);
            GenTreeOp*    cond  = gtNewOperNode(GT_EQ, TYP_INT, argClone, gtCloneExpr(profiledValueNode));
            GenTreeQmark* qmark = gtNewQmarkNode(call->TypeGet(), cond, colon);

            JITDUMP("\n\nResulting tree:\n")
            DISPTREE(qmark)

            return qmark;
        }
    }
    return call;
}

#ifdef DEBUG
//
var_types Compiler::impImportJitTestLabelMark(int numArgs)
{
    TestLabelAndNum tlAndN;
    if (numArgs == 2)
    {
        tlAndN.m_num   = 0;
        StackEntry se  = impPopStack();
        GenTree*   val = se.val;
        assert(val->IsCnsIntOrI());
        tlAndN.m_tl = (TestLabel)val->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue();
    }
    else if (numArgs == 3)
    {
        StackEntry se  = impPopStack();
        GenTree*   val = se.val;
        assert(val->IsCnsIntOrI());
        tlAndN.m_num = val->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue();
        se           = impPopStack();
        val          = se.val;
        assert(val->IsCnsIntOrI());
        tlAndN.m_tl = (TestLabel)val->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue();
    }
    else
    {
        assert(false);
    }

    StackEntry expSe = impPopStack();
    GenTree*   node  = expSe.val;

    // There are a small number of special cases, where we actually put the annotation on a subnode.
    if (tlAndN.m_tl == TL_LoopHoist && tlAndN.m_num >= 100)
    {
        // A loop hoist annotation with value >= 100 means that the expression should be a static field access,
        // a GT_IND of a static field address, which should be the sum of a (hoistable) helper call and possibly some
        // offset within the static field block whose address is returned by the helper call.
        // The annotation is saying that this address calculation, but not the entire access, should be hoisted.
        assert(node->OperIs(GT_IND));
        tlAndN.m_num -= 100;
        GetNodeTestData()->Set(node->AsOp()->gtOp1, tlAndN);
        GetNodeTestData()->Remove(node);
    }
    else
    {
        GetNodeTestData()->Set(node, tlAndN);
    }

    impPushOnStack(node, expSe.seTypeInfo);
    return node->TypeGet();
}
#endif // DEBUG

//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  impFixupCallStructReturn: For a call node that returns a struct do one of the following:
//  - set the flag to indicate struct return via retbuf arg;
//  - adjust the return type to a SIMD type if it is returned in 1 reg;
//  - spill call result into a temp if it is returned into 2 registers or more and not tail call or inline candidate.
//
//  Arguments:
//    call       -  GT_CALL GenTree node
//    retClsHnd  -  Class handle of return type of the call
//
//  Return Value:
//    Returns new GenTree node after fixing struct return of call node
//
GenTree* Compiler::impFixupCallStructReturn(GenTreeCall* call, CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE retClsHnd)
{
    if (!varTypeIsStruct(call))
    {
        return call;
    }

    call->gtRetClsHnd = retClsHnd;

    // Recognize SIMD types as we do for LCL_VARs,
    // note it could be not the ABI specific type, for example, on x64 we can set 'TYP_SIMD8`
    // for `System.Numerics.Vector2` here but lower will change it to long as ABI dictates.
    var_types simdReturnType = impNormStructType(call->gtRetClsHnd);
    if (simdReturnType != call->TypeGet())
    {
        assert(varTypeIsSIMD(simdReturnType));
        JITDUMP("changing the type of a call [%06u] from %s to %s\n", dspTreeID(call), varTypeName(call->TypeGet()),
                varTypeName(simdReturnType));
        call->ChangeType(simdReturnType);
    }

#if FEATURE_MULTIREG_RET
    call->InitializeStructReturnType(this, retClsHnd, call->GetUnmanagedCallConv());
    const ReturnTypeDesc* retTypeDesc = call->GetReturnTypeDesc();
    const unsigned        retRegCount = retTypeDesc->GetReturnRegCount();
#else  // !FEATURE_MULTIREG_RET
    const unsigned retRegCount = 1;
#endif // !FEATURE_MULTIREG_RET

    structPassingKind howToReturnStruct;
    var_types         returnType = getReturnTypeForStruct(retClsHnd, call->GetUnmanagedCallConv(), &howToReturnStruct);

    if (howToReturnStruct == SPK_ByReference)
    {
        assert(returnType == TYP_UNKNOWN);
        call->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_RETBUFFARG;

        if (call->IsUnmanaged())
        {
            // Native ABIs do not allow retbufs to alias anything.
            // This is allowed by the managed ABI and impStoreStruct will
            // never introduce copies due to this.
            unsigned tmpNum = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("Retbuf for unmanaged call"));
            impStoreToTemp(tmpNum, call, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);
            return gtNewLclvNode(tmpNum, lvaGetDesc(tmpNum)->TypeGet());
        }

        return call;
    }

    if (retRegCount == 1)
    {
        return call;
    }

#if FEATURE_MULTIREG_RET
    assert(varTypeIsStruct(call)); // It could be a SIMD returned in several regs.
    assert(returnType == TYP_STRUCT);
    assert((howToReturnStruct == SPK_ByValueAsHfa) || (howToReturnStruct == SPK_ByValue));

    assert(retRegCount >= 2);

    if (!call->CanTailCall() && !call->IsInlineCandidate())
    {
        // Force a call returning multi-reg struct to be always of the IR form
        //   tmp = call
        //
        // No need to assign a multi-reg struct to a local var if:
        //  - It is a tail call or
        //  - The call is marked for in-lining later
        return impStoreMultiRegValueToVar(call, retClsHnd DEBUGARG(call->GetUnmanagedCallConv()));
    }
    return call;
#endif // FEATURE_MULTIREG_RET
}

GenTreeCall* Compiler::impImportIndirectCall(CORINFO_SIG_INFO* sig, const DebugInfo& di)
{
    var_types callRetTyp = JITtype2varType(sig->retType);

    /* The function pointer is on top of the stack - It may be a
     * complex expression. As it is evaluated after the args,
     * it may cause registered args to be spilled. Simply spill it.
     */

    // Ignore no args or trivial cases.
    if ((sig->callConv != CORINFO_CALLCONV_DEFAULT || sig->totalILArgs() > 0) &&
        !impStackTop().val->OperIs(GT_LCL_VAR, GT_FTN_ADDR, GT_CNS_INT))
    {
        impSpillStackEntry(stackState.esStackDepth - 1, BAD_VAR_NUM DEBUGARG(false) DEBUGARG("impImportIndirectCall"));
    }

    /* Get the function pointer */

    GenTree* fptr = impPopStack().val;

    // The function pointer is typically a sized to match the target pointer size
    // However, stubgen IL optimization can change LDC.I8 to LDC.I4
    // See ILCodeStream::LowerOpcode
    assert(genActualType(fptr->gtType) == TYP_I_IMPL || genActualType(fptr->gtType) == TYP_INT);

#ifdef DEBUG
    // This temporary must never be converted to a double in stress mode,
    // because that can introduce a call to the cast helper after the
    // arguments have already been evaluated.

    if (fptr->OperIs(GT_LCL_VAR))
    {
        lvaTable[fptr->AsLclVarCommon()->GetLclNum()].lvKeepType = 1;
    }
#endif

    /* Create the call node */

    GenTreeCall* call = gtNewIndCallNode(fptr, callRetTyp, di);

    call->gtFlags |= GTF_EXCEPT | (fptr->gtFlags & GTF_GLOB_EFFECT);
#ifdef UNIX_X86_ABI
    call->gtFlags &= ~GTF_CALL_POP_ARGS;
#endif

    return call;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impPopArgsForUnmanagedCall: Pop arguments from IL stack to a pinvoke call.
//
// Arguments:
//    call - The unmanaged call
//    sig  - The signature of the call site
//    swiftErrorNode - [out] If this is a Swift call with a SwiftError* argument,
//                     then swiftErrorNode points to the node.
//                     Otherwise left at its existing value.
//
void Compiler::impPopArgsForUnmanagedCall(GenTreeCall* call, CORINFO_SIG_INFO* sig, GenTree** swiftErrorNode)
{
    assert(call->gtFlags & GTF_CALL_UNMANAGED);

#ifdef SWIFT_SUPPORT
    if (call->unmgdCallConv == CorInfoCallConvExtension::Swift)
    {
        impPopArgsForSwiftCall(call, sig, swiftErrorNode);
        return;
    }
#endif

    /* Since we push the arguments in reverse order (i.e. right -> left)
     * spill any side effects from the stack
     *
     * OBS: If there is only one side effect we do not need to spill it
     *      thus we have to spill all side-effects except last one
     */

    unsigned lastLevelWithSideEffects = UINT_MAX;

    unsigned argsToReverse = sig->numArgs;

    // For "thiscall", the first argument goes in a register. Since its
    // order does not need to be changed, we do not need to spill it

    if (call->unmgdCallConv == CorInfoCallConvExtension::Thiscall)
    {
        assert(argsToReverse != 0);
        argsToReverse--;
    }

#ifndef TARGET_X86
    // Don't reverse args on ARM or x64 - first four args always placed in regs in order
    argsToReverse = 0;
#endif

    for (unsigned level = stackState.esStackDepth - argsToReverse; level < stackState.esStackDepth; level++)
    {
        if (stackState.esStack[level].val->gtFlags & GTF_ORDER_SIDEEFF)
        {
            assert(lastLevelWithSideEffects == UINT_MAX);

            impSpillStackEntry(level,
                               BAD_VAR_NUM DEBUGARG(false) DEBUGARG("impPopArgsForUnmanagedCall - other side effect"));
        }
        else if (stackState.esStack[level].val->gtFlags & GTF_SIDE_EFFECT)
        {
            if (lastLevelWithSideEffects != UINT_MAX)
            {
                /* We had a previous side effect - must spill it */
                impSpillStackEntry(lastLevelWithSideEffects,
                                   BAD_VAR_NUM DEBUGARG(false) DEBUGARG("impPopArgsForUnmanagedCall - side effect"));

                /* Record the level for the current side effect in case we will spill it */
                lastLevelWithSideEffects = level;
            }
            else
            {
                /* This is the first side effect encountered - record its level */

                lastLevelWithSideEffects = level;
            }
        }
    }

    /* The argument list is now "clean" - no out-of-order side effects
     * Pop the argument list in reverse order */

    impPopReverseCallArgs(sig, call, sig->numArgs - argsToReverse);

    if (call->unmgdCallConv == CorInfoCallConvExtension::Thiscall)
    {
        GenTree* thisPtr = call->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(0)->GetNode();
        impBashVarAddrsToI(thisPtr);
        assert(thisPtr->TypeIs(TYP_I_IMPL, TYP_BYREF));
    }

    impRetypeUnmanagedCallArgs(call);
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impRetypeUnmanagedCallArgs: Retype unmanaged call arguments from managed
// pointers to unmanaged ones.
//
// Arguments:
//    call - The call
//
// Remarks:
//   Make the "casting away" of GC explicit here instead of retyping.
//
void Compiler::impRetypeUnmanagedCallArgs(GenTreeCall* call)
{
    for (CallArg& arg : call->gtArgs.Args())
    {
        GenTree* argNode = arg.GetEarlyNode();

        // We should not be passing gc typed args to an unmanaged call.
        if (varTypeIsGC(argNode->TypeGet()))
        {
            // Tolerate byrefs by casting to native int.
            //
            // This is needed or we'll generate inconsistent GC info
            // for this arg at the call site (gc info says byref,
            // pinvoke sig says native int).
            //
            if (argNode->TypeIs(TYP_BYREF))
            {
                GenTree* cast = gtNewCastNode(TYP_I_IMPL, argNode, false, TYP_I_IMPL);
                arg.SetEarlyNode(cast);
            }
            else
            {
                assert(!"*** invalid IL: gc ref passed to unmanaged call");
            }
        }
    }
}

#ifdef SWIFT_SUPPORT

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// GetSwiftLowering: Get the CORINFO_SWIFT_LOWERING associated with a struct.
//
// Arguments:
//   call - The class
//
// Return Value:
//   Pointer to lowering
//
const CORINFO_SWIFT_LOWERING* Compiler::GetSwiftLowering(CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE hClass)
{
    if (m_swiftLoweringCache == nullptr)
    {
        m_swiftLoweringCache = new (this, CMK_CallArgs) SwiftLoweringMap(getAllocator(CMK_CallArgs));
    }

    CORINFO_SWIFT_LOWERING* lowering;
    if (!m_swiftLoweringCache->Lookup(hClass, &lowering))
    {
        lowering = new (this, CMK_CallArgs) CORINFO_SWIFT_LOWERING;
        info.compCompHnd->getSwiftLowering(hClass, lowering);
        m_swiftLoweringCache->Set(hClass, lowering);
    }

    return lowering;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impPopArgsForSwiftCall: Pop arguments from IL stack to a Swift pinvoke node.
//
// Arguments:
//    call           - The Swift call
//    sig            - The signature of the call site
//    swiftErrorNode - [out] Pointer to the SwiftError* argument.
//                     Left at its existing value if no such argument exists.
//
void Compiler::impPopArgsForSwiftCall(GenTreeCall* call, CORINFO_SIG_INFO* sig, GenTree** swiftErrorNode)
{
    JITDUMP("Creating args for Swift call [%06u]\n", dspTreeID(call));

    unsigned swiftErrorIndex          = UINT_MAX;
    unsigned swiftSelfIndex           = UINT_MAX;
    unsigned swiftIndirectResultIndex = UINT_MAX;

    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE selfType = NO_CLASS_HANDLE;
    // We are importing an unmanaged Swift call, which might require special parameter handling
    bool spillStack = false;

    // Check the signature of the Swift call for the special types
    CORINFO_ARG_LIST_HANDLE sigArg = sig->args;

    for (unsigned short argIndex = 0; argIndex < sig->numArgs;
         sigArg                  = info.compCompHnd->getArgNext(sigArg), argIndex++)
    {
        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE argClass;
        CorInfoType          argType         = strip(info.compCompHnd->getArgType(sig, sigArg, &argClass));
        const bool           argIsByrefOrPtr = (argType == CORINFO_TYPE_BYREF) || (argType == CORINFO_TYPE_PTR);

        if (argIsByrefOrPtr)
        {
            argClass = info.compCompHnd->getArgClass(sig, sigArg);
            argType  = info.compCompHnd->getChildType(argClass, &argClass);
        }

        if (argType != CORINFO_TYPE_VALUECLASS)
        {
            continue;
        }

        if (info.compCompHnd->isIntrinsicType(argClass))
        {
            const char* namespaceName;
            const char* className = info.compCompHnd->getClassNameFromMetadata(argClass, &namespaceName);

            if ((strcmp(className, "SwiftError") == 0) &&
                (strcmp(namespaceName, "System.Runtime.InteropServices.Swift") == 0))
            {
                // For error handling purposes, we expect a pointer/reference to a SwiftError to be passed
                if (!argIsByrefOrPtr)
                {
                    BADCODE("Expected SwiftError pointer/reference, got struct");
                }

                if (swiftErrorIndex != UINT_MAX)
                {
                    BADCODE("Duplicate SwiftError* parameter");
                }

                swiftErrorIndex = argIndex;
                // Spill entire stack as we will need to reuse the error
                // argument after the call.
                spillStack = true;
            }
            else if ((strcmp(className, "SwiftSelf") == 0) &&
                     (strcmp(namespaceName, "System.Runtime.InteropServices.Swift") == 0))
            {
                // We expect a SwiftSelf struct to be passed, not a pointer/reference
                if (argIsByrefOrPtr)
                {
                    BADCODE("Expected SwiftSelf struct, got pointer/reference");
                }

                if (swiftSelfIndex != UINT_MAX)
                {
                    BADCODE("Duplicate SwiftSelf parameter");
                }

                swiftSelfIndex = argIndex;
                // Fall through to make sure the struct value becomes a local.
            }
            else if ((strcmp(className, "SwiftSelf`1") == 0) &&
                     (strcmp(namespaceName, "System.Runtime.InteropServices.Swift") == 0))
            {
                // We expect a SwiftSelf struct to be passed, not a pointer/reference
                if (argIsByrefOrPtr)
                {
                    BADCODE("Expected SwiftSelf<T> struct, got pointer/reference");
                }

                if (swiftSelfIndex != UINT_MAX)
                {
                    BADCODE("Duplicate SwiftSelf parameter");
                }

                if (argIndex != (sig->numArgs - 1))
                {
                    BADCODE("SwiftSelf<T> must be the last argument in the signature");
                }

                selfType                = info.compCompHnd->getTypeInstantiationArgument(argClass, 0);
                CorInfoType selfCorType = info.compCompHnd->asCorInfoType(selfType);
                if (selfCorType != CORINFO_TYPE_VALUECLASS)
                {
                    BADCODE("SwiftSelf<T> expects T to be a value class");
                }

                swiftSelfIndex = argIndex;
            }
            else if ((strcmp(className, "SwiftIndirectResult") == 0) &&
                     (strcmp(namespaceName, "System.Runtime.InteropServices.Swift") == 0))
            {
                if (argIsByrefOrPtr)
                {
                    BADCODE("Expected SwiftIndirectResult struct, got pointer/reference");
                }

                if (sig->retType != CORINFO_TYPE_VOID)
                {
                    BADCODE("Functions with SwiftIndirectResult arguments must return void");
                }

                if (swiftIndirectResultIndex != UINT_MAX)
                {
                    BADCODE("Duplicate SwiftIndirectResult argument");
                }

                swiftIndirectResultIndex = argIndex;

                // We will move this arg to the beginning of the arg list, so
                // we must spill due to this potential reordering of arguments.
                spillStack = true;
            }
            // TODO: Handle SwiftAsync
        }

        if (argIsByrefOrPtr)
        {
            continue;
        }

        // We must spill this struct to a local to be able to expand it into primitives.
        GenTree* node = impStackTop(sig->numArgs - 1 - argIndex).val;
        if (!node->OperIsLocalRead())
        {
            // TODO-CQ: If we enable FEATURE_IMPLICIT_BYREFS on all platforms
            // where we support Swift we can probably let normal implicit byref
            // handling handle the unlowered case.
            impSpillStackEntry(stackState.esStackDepth - sig->numArgs + argIndex,
                               BAD_VAR_NUM DEBUGARG(false) DEBUGARG("Swift struct arg with lowering"));
        }
    }

    if (spillStack)
    {
        impSpillSideEffects(true, CHECK_SPILL_ALL DEBUGARG("Spill for swift call"));
    }

    impPopCallArgs(sig, call);

    JITDUMP("Node after popping args:\n");
    DISPTREE(call);
    JITDUMP("\n");

    // Get SwiftError* arg (if it exists) before modifying the arg list
    CallArg* const swiftErrorArg =
        (swiftErrorIndex != UINT_MAX) ? call->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(swiftErrorIndex) : nullptr;

    // Now expand struct args that must be lowered into primitives
    unsigned argIndex = 0;
    for (CallArg* arg = call->gtArgs.Args().begin().GetArg(); arg != nullptr; argIndex++)
    {
        if (!varTypeIsStruct(arg->GetSignatureType()))
        {
            arg = arg->GetNext();
            continue;
        }

        if (varTypeIsSIMD(arg->GetSignatureType()))
        {
            IMPL_LIMITATION("SIMD types are currently unsupported in Swift calls");
        }

        JITDUMP("  Argument %u is a struct [%06u]\n", argIndex, dspTreeID(arg->GetNode()));

        assert(arg->GetNode()->OperIsLocalRead());
        GenTreeLclVarCommon* structVal = arg->GetNode()->AsLclVarCommon();

        CallArg* insertAfter = arg;
        // For the self/indirect result args, change them to a TYP_I_IMPL
        // primitive directly. They must also be marked as a well known arg
        // because they have a non-standard calling convention.
        if (((argIndex == swiftSelfIndex) && (selfType == NO_CLASS_HANDLE)) || (argIndex == swiftIndirectResultIndex))
        {
            assert(arg->GetNode()->OperIsLocalRead());
            GenTree*   primitiveSelf = gtNewLclFldNode(structVal->GetLclNum(), TYP_I_IMPL, structVal->GetLclOffs());
            NewCallArg newArg        = NewCallArg::Primitive(primitiveSelf, TYP_I_IMPL);
            if (argIndex == swiftSelfIndex)
            {
                newArg      = newArg.WellKnown(WellKnownArg::SwiftSelf);
                insertAfter = call->gtArgs.InsertAfter(this, insertAfter, newArg);
            }
            else
            {
                // We move the retbuf to the beginning of the arg list to make
                // the call follow the same invariant as other calls with
                // retbufs.
                newArg = newArg.WellKnown(WellKnownArg::RetBuffer);
                call->gtArgs.PushFront(this, newArg);
                call->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_RETBUFFARG;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE argClass = argIndex == swiftSelfIndex ? selfType : arg->GetSignatureClassHandle();
            const CORINFO_SWIFT_LOWERING* lowering = GetSwiftLowering(argClass);
            if (lowering->byReference)
            {
                JITDUMP("  Argument %d of type %s must be passed by reference\n", argIndex,
                        typGetObjLayout(arg->GetSignatureClassHandle())->GetClassName());
            }
            else
            {
                JITDUMP("  Argument %d of type %s must be passed as %d primitive(s)\n", argIndex,
                        typGetObjLayout(arg->GetSignatureClassHandle())->GetClassName(), lowering->numLoweredElements);
                for (size_t i = 0; i < lowering->numLoweredElements; i++)
                {
                    JITDUMP("    [%zu] @ +%02u: %s\n", i, lowering->offsets[i],
                            varTypeName(JitType2PreciseVarType(lowering->loweredElements[i])));
                }
            }

            if (lowering->byReference)
            {
                GenTree* addrNode = gtNewLclAddrNode(structVal->GetLclNum(), structVal->GetLclOffs());
                JITDUMP("    Passing by reference\n");

                NewCallArg newArg = NewCallArg::Primitive(addrNode, TYP_I_IMPL);
                if (argIndex == swiftSelfIndex)
                {
                    newArg = newArg.WellKnown(WellKnownArg::SwiftSelf);
                }

                insertAfter = call->gtArgs.InsertAfter(this, insertAfter, newArg);
            }
            else
            {
                for (size_t i = 0; i < lowering->numLoweredElements; i++)
                {
                    var_types loweredType = JITtype2varType(lowering->loweredElements[i]);
                    unsigned  offset      = lowering->offsets[i];

                    GenTree* loweredNode = nullptr;

                    // It's possible for the lowering to require us to pass the
                    // tail of the sequence as a 64-bit value, even if the tail
                    // of the struct is smaller than 8 bytes. In that case we
                    // reconstruct the value using bitwise operations.
                    // Alternatively we could create IND(LCL_ADDR), assuming
                    // that the upper bits are undefined. This would result in
                    // address exposure instead.
                    unsigned sizeToRead = min(structVal->GetLayout(this)->GetSize() - offset, genTypeSize(loweredType));
                    assert(sizeToRead > 0);

                    if (sizeToRead == genTypeSize(loweredType))
                    {
                        loweredNode =
                            gtNewLclFldNode(structVal->GetLclNum(), loweredType, structVal->GetLclOffs() + offset);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        unsigned relOffset  = 0;
                        auto     addSegment = [=, &loweredNode, &relOffset](var_types type) {
                            GenTree* val = gtNewLclFldNode(structVal->GetLclNum(), type,
                                                               structVal->GetLclOffs() + offset + relOffset);

                            if (loweredType == TYP_LONG)
                            {
                                val = gtNewCastNode(TYP_LONG, val, true, TYP_LONG);
                            }

                            if (relOffset > 0)
                            {
                                val = gtNewOperNode(GT_LSH, genActualType(loweredType), val,
                                                        gtNewIconNode(relOffset * 8));
                            }

                            if (loweredNode == nullptr)
                            {
                                loweredNode = val;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                loweredNode = gtNewOperNode(GT_OR, genActualType(loweredType), loweredNode, val);
                            }

                            relOffset += genTypeSize(type);
                        };

                        if (sizeToRead - relOffset >= 4)
                        {
                            addSegment(TYP_INT);
                        }
                        if (sizeToRead - relOffset >= 2)
                        {
                            addSegment(TYP_USHORT);
                        }
                        if (sizeToRead - relOffset >= 1)
                        {
                            addSegment(TYP_UBYTE);
                        }

                        assert(relOffset == sizeToRead);
                    }

                    JITDUMP("    Adding expanded primitive argument [%06u]\n", dspTreeID(loweredNode));
                    DISPTREE(loweredNode);

                    insertAfter =
                        call->gtArgs.InsertAfter(this, insertAfter, NewCallArg::Primitive(loweredNode, loweredType));
                }
            }
        }

        JITDUMP("  Removing plain struct argument [%06u]\n", dspTreeID(structVal));
        call->gtArgs.Remove(arg);
        arg = insertAfter->GetNext();
    }

    if (swiftErrorArg != nullptr)
    {
        // Before calling a Swift method that may throw, the error register must be cleared,
        // as we will check for a nonzero error value after the call returns.
        // By adding a well-known "sentinel" argument that uses the error register,
        // the JIT will emit code for clearing the error register before the call,
        // and will mark the error register as busy so it isn't used to hold the function call's address.
        GenTree* const errorSentinelValueNode = gtNewIconNode(0);
        call->gtArgs.InsertAfter(this, swiftErrorArg,
                                 NewCallArg::Primitive(errorSentinelValueNode).WellKnown(WellKnownArg::SwiftError));

        // Swift call isn't going to use the SwiftError* arg, so don't bother emitting it
        assert(swiftErrorNode != nullptr);
        *swiftErrorNode = swiftErrorArg->GetNode();
        call->gtArgs.Remove(swiftErrorArg);
    }

#ifdef DEBUG
    if (verbose && call->TypeIs(TYP_STRUCT) && (sig->retTypeClass != NO_CLASS_HANDLE))
    {
        const CORINFO_SWIFT_LOWERING* lowering = GetSwiftLowering(sig->retTypeClass);
        if (lowering->byReference)
        {
            printf("  Call returns %s by reference\n", typGetObjLayout(sig->retTypeClass)->GetClassName());
        }
        else
        {
            printf("  Call returns %s as %d primitive(s) in registers\n",
                   typGetObjLayout(sig->retTypeClass)->GetClassName(), lowering->numLoweredElements);
            for (size_t i = 0; i < lowering->numLoweredElements; i++)
            {
                printf("    [%zu] @ +%02u: %s\n", i, lowering->offsets[i],
                       varTypeName(JitType2PreciseVarType(lowering->loweredElements[i])));
            }
        }
    }
#endif

    JITDUMP("Final result after Swift call lowering:\n");
    DISPTREE(call);
    JITDUMP("\n");

    impRetypeUnmanagedCallArgs(call);
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impAppendSwiftErrorStore: Append IR to store the Swift error register value
// to the SwiftError* argument represented by swiftErrorNode, post-Swift call
//
// Arguments:
//    swiftErrorNode - the SwiftError* argument
//
void Compiler::impAppendSwiftErrorStore(GenTree* const swiftErrorNode)
{
    assert(swiftErrorNode != nullptr);

    // Store the error register value to where the SwiftError* points to
    GenTree* errorRegNode = new (this, GT_SWIFT_ERROR) GenTree(GT_SWIFT_ERROR, TYP_I_IMPL);
    errorRegNode->SetHasOrderingSideEffect();
    errorRegNode->gtFlags |= (GTF_CALL | GTF_GLOB_REF);

    GenTreeStoreInd* swiftErrorStore = gtNewStoreIndNode(swiftErrorNode->TypeGet(), swiftErrorNode, errorRegNode);
    impAppendTree(swiftErrorStore, CHECK_SPILL_ALL, impCurStmtDI, false);
}
#endif // SWIFT_SUPPORT

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impInitializeArrayIntrinsic: Attempts to replace a call to InitializeArray
//    with a GT_COPYBLK node.
//
// Arguments:
//    sig - The InitializeArray signature.
//
// Return Value:
//    A pointer to the newly created GT_COPYBLK node if the replacement succeeds or
//    nullptr otherwise.
//
// Notes:
//    The function recognizes the following IL pattern:
//      ldc <length> or a list of ldc <lower bound>/<length>
//      newarr or newobj
//      dup
//      ldtoken <field handle>
//      call InitializeArray
//    The lower bounds need not be constant except when the array rank is 1.
//    The function recognizes all kinds of arrays thus enabling a small runtime
//    such as NativeAOT to skip providing an implementation for InitializeArray.

GenTree* Compiler::impInitializeArrayIntrinsic(CORINFO_SIG_INFO* sig)
{
    assert(sig->numArgs == 2);

    GenTree* fieldTokenNode = impStackTop(0).val;
    GenTree* arrayLocalNode = impStackTop(1).val;

    //
    // Verify that the field token is known and valid.  Note that it's also
    // possible for the token to come from reflection, in which case we cannot do
    // the optimization and must therefore revert to calling the helper.  You can
    // see an example of this in bvt\DynIL\initarray2.exe (in Main).
    //

    // Check to see if the ldtoken helper call is what we see here.
    if (!fieldTokenNode->OperIs(GT_CALL) ||
        !fieldTokenNode->AsCall()->IsHelperCall(eeFindHelper(CORINFO_HELP_FIELDDESC_TO_STUBRUNTIMEFIELD)))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Strip helper call away
    fieldTokenNode = fieldTokenNode->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(0)->GetEarlyNode();

    if (fieldTokenNode->OperIs(GT_IND))
    {
        fieldTokenNode = fieldTokenNode->AsOp()->gtOp1;
    }

    // Check for constant
    if (!fieldTokenNode->OperIs(GT_CNS_INT))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    CORINFO_FIELD_HANDLE fieldToken = (CORINFO_FIELD_HANDLE)fieldTokenNode->AsIntCon()->gtCompileTimeHandle;
    if (!fieldTokenNode->IsIconHandle(GTF_ICON_FIELD_HDL) || (fieldToken == nullptr))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    //
    // We need to get the number of elements in the array and the size of each element.
    // We verify that the newarr statement is exactly what we expect it to be.
    // If it's not then we just return NULL and we don't optimize this call
    //

    // It is possible the we don't have any statements in the block yet.
    if (impLastStmt == nullptr)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    //
    // We start by looking at the last statement, making sure it's a store.
    //
    GenTree* arrayLocalStore = impLastStmt->GetRootNode();
    if (arrayLocalStore->OperIs(GT_STORE_LCL_VAR) && arrayLocalNode->OperIs(GT_LCL_VAR))
    {
        // Make sure the target of the store is the array passed to InitializeArray.
        if (arrayLocalStore->AsLclVar()->GetLclNum() != arrayLocalNode->AsLclVar()->GetLclNum())
        {
            if (opts.OptimizationDisabled())
            {
                return nullptr;
            }

            // The array can be spilled to a temp for stack allocation.
            // Try getting the actual store node from the previous statement.
            if (arrayLocalStore->AsLclVar()->Data()->OperIs(GT_LCL_VAR) && impLastStmt->GetPrevStmt() != nullptr)
            {
                arrayLocalStore = impLastStmt->GetPrevStmt()->GetRootNode();
                if (!arrayLocalStore->OperIs(GT_STORE_LCL_VAR) ||
                    arrayLocalStore->AsLclVar()->GetLclNum() != arrayLocalNode->AsLclVar()->GetLclNum())
                {
                    return nullptr;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    //
    // Make sure that the object being assigned is a helper call.
    //

    GenTree* newArrayCall = arrayLocalStore->AsLclVar()->Data();
    if (!newArrayCall->OperIs(GT_CALL) || !newArrayCall->AsCall()->IsHelperCall())
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    //
    // Verify that it is one of the new array helpers.
    //

    bool isMDArray = false;
    switch (newArrayCall->AsCall()->GetHelperNum())
    {
        case CORINFO_HELP_NEWARR_1_DIRECT:
        case CORINFO_HELP_NEWARR_1_PTR:
        case CORINFO_HELP_NEWARR_1_MAYBEFROZEN:
        case CORINFO_HELP_NEWARR_1_VC:
        case CORINFO_HELP_NEWARR_1_ALIGN8:
#ifdef FEATURE_READYTORUN
        case CORINFO_HELP_READYTORUN_NEWARR_1:
#endif
            break;

        case CORINFO_HELP_NEW_MDARR:
        case CORINFO_HELP_NEW_MDARR_RARE:
            isMDArray = true;
            break;

        default:
            return nullptr;
    }

    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE arrayClsHnd = (CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE)newArrayCall->AsCall()->compileTimeHelperArgumentHandle;

    //
    // Make sure we found a compile time handle to the array
    //

    if (!arrayClsHnd)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    unsigned rank = 0;
    S_UINT32 numElements;

    if (isMDArray)
    {
        rank = info.compCompHnd->getArrayRank(arrayClsHnd);

        if (rank == 0)
        {
            return nullptr;
        }

        assert(newArrayCall->AsCall()->gtArgs.CountArgs() == 3);
        GenTree* numArgsArg = newArrayCall->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(1)->GetNode();
        GenTree* argsArg    = newArrayCall->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(2)->GetNode();

        //
        // The number of arguments should be a constant between 1 and 64. The rank can't be 0
        // so at least one length must be present and the rank can't exceed 32 so there can
        // be at most 64 arguments - 32 lengths and 32 lower bounds.
        //

        if (!numArgsArg->IsCnsIntOrI() || (numArgsArg->AsIntCon()->IconValue() < 1) ||
            (numArgsArg->AsIntCon()->IconValue() > 64))
        {
            return nullptr;
        }

        unsigned numArgs = static_cast<unsigned>(numArgsArg->AsIntCon()->IconValue());
        bool     lowerBoundsSpecified;

        if (numArgs == rank * 2)
        {
            lowerBoundsSpecified = true;
        }
        else if (numArgs == rank)
        {
            lowerBoundsSpecified = false;

            //
            // If the rank is 1 and a lower bound isn't specified then the runtime creates
            // a SDArray. Note that even if a lower bound is specified it can be 0 and then
            // we get a SDArray as well, see the for loop below.
            //

            if (rank == 1)
            {
                isMDArray = false;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            return nullptr;
        }

        //
        // The rank is known to be at least 1 so we can start with numElements being 1
        // to avoid the need to special case the first dimension.
        //

        numElements = S_UINT32(1);

        struct Match
        {
            static bool IsArgsFieldInit(GenTree* tree, unsigned index, unsigned lvaNewObjArrayArgs)
            {
                return tree->OperIs(GT_STORE_LCL_FLD) && (tree->AsLclFld()->GetLclNum() == lvaNewObjArrayArgs) &&
                       (tree->AsLclFld()->GetLclOffs() == (sizeof(INT32) * index));
            }

            static bool IsComma(GenTree* tree)
            {
                return (tree != nullptr) && tree->OperIs(GT_COMMA);
            }
        };

        unsigned argIndex = 0;
        GenTree* comma;

        for (comma = argsArg; Match::IsComma(comma); comma = comma->gtGetOp2())
        {
            if (lowerBoundsSpecified)
            {
                //
                // In general lower bounds can be ignored because they're not needed to
                // calculate the total number of elements. But for single dimensional arrays
                // we need to know if the lower bound is 0 because in this case the runtime
                // creates a SDArray and this affects the way the array data offset is calculated.
                //

                if (rank == 1)
                {
                    GenTree* lowerBoundStore = comma->gtGetOp1();
                    assert(Match::IsArgsFieldInit(lowerBoundStore, argIndex, lvaNewObjArrayArgs));
                    GenTree* lowerBoundNode = lowerBoundStore->AsLclVarCommon()->Data();

                    if (lowerBoundNode->IsIntegralConst(0))
                    {
                        isMDArray = false;
                    }
                }

                comma = comma->gtGetOp2();
                argIndex++;
            }

            GenTree* lengthNodeStore = comma->gtGetOp1();
            assert(Match::IsArgsFieldInit(lengthNodeStore, argIndex, lvaNewObjArrayArgs));
            GenTree* lengthNode = lengthNodeStore->AsLclVarCommon()->Data();

            if (!lengthNode->IsCnsIntOrI())
            {
                return nullptr;
            }

            numElements *= S_SIZE_T(lengthNode->AsIntCon()->IconValue());
            argIndex++;
        }

        assert((comma != nullptr) && comma->IsLclVarAddr() &&
               (comma->AsLclVarCommon()->GetLclNum() == lvaNewObjArrayArgs));

        if (argIndex != numArgs)
        {
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        //
        // Make sure there are exactly two arguments:  the array class and
        // the number of elements.
        //

        GenTree* arrayLengthNode;

#ifdef FEATURE_READYTORUN
        if (newArrayCall->AsCall()->gtCallMethHnd == eeFindHelper(CORINFO_HELP_READYTORUN_NEWARR_1) ||
            newArrayCall->AsCall()->gtCallMethHnd == eeFindHelper(CORINFO_HELP_NEWARR_1_MAYBEFROZEN))
        {
            // Array length is 1st argument for readytorun helper
            arrayLengthNode = newArrayCall->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(0)->GetNode();
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            // Array length is 2nd argument for regular helper
            arrayLengthNode = newArrayCall->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(1)->GetNode();
        }

        //
        // This optimization is only valid for a constant array size.
        //
        if (!arrayLengthNode->OperIs(GT_CNS_INT))
        {
            return nullptr;
        }

        numElements = S_SIZE_T(arrayLengthNode->AsIntCon()->gtIconVal);

        if (!info.compCompHnd->isSDArray(arrayClsHnd))
        {
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE elemClsHnd;
    var_types            elementType = JITtype2varType(info.compCompHnd->getChildType(arrayClsHnd, &elemClsHnd));

    //
    // Note that genTypeSize will return zero for non primitive types, which is exactly
    // what we want (size will then be 0, and we will catch this in the conditional below).
    // Note that we don't expect this to fail for valid binaries, so we assert in the
    // non-verification case (the verification case should not assert but rather correctly
    // handle bad binaries).  This assert is not guarding any specific invariant, but rather
    // saying that we don't expect this to happen, and if it is hit, we need to investigate
    // why.
    //

    S_UINT32 elemSize(genTypeSize(elementType));
    S_UINT32 size = elemSize * S_UINT32(numElements);

    if (size.IsOverflow())
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    if ((size.Value() == 0) || (varTypeIsGC(elementType)))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    void* initData = info.compCompHnd->getArrayInitializationData(fieldToken, size.Value());
    if (!initData)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    //
    // At this point we are ready to commit to implementing the InitializeArray
    // intrinsic using a struct store.  Pop the arguments from the stack and
    // return the store node.
    //

    impPopStack();
    impPopStack();

    const unsigned blkSize = size.Value();
    unsigned       dataOffset;

    if (isMDArray)
    {
        dataOffset = eeGetMDArrayDataOffset(rank);
    }
    else
    {
        dataOffset = eeGetArrayDataOffset();
    }

    ClassLayout* blkLayout = typGetBlkLayout(blkSize);
    GenTree*     srcAddr   = gtNewIconHandleNode((size_t)initData, GTF_ICON_CONST_PTR);
    GenTree*     src       = gtNewBlkIndir(blkLayout, srcAddr);
    GenTree*     dstAddr   = gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, TYP_BYREF, arrayLocalNode, gtNewIconNode(dataOffset, TYP_I_IMPL));
    GenTree*     store     = gtNewStoreBlkNode(blkLayout, dstAddr, src);

#ifdef DEBUG
    src->gtGetOp1()->AsIntCon()->gtTargetHandle = THT_InitializeArrayIntrinsics;
#endif

    return store;
}

GenTree* Compiler::impCreateSpanIntrinsic(CORINFO_SIG_INFO* sig)
{
    assert(sig->numArgs == 1);
    assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

    GenTree* fieldTokenNode = impStackTop(0).val;

    //
    // Verify that the field token is known and valid.  Note that it's also
    // possible for the token to come from reflection, in which case we cannot do
    // the optimization and must therefore revert to calling the helper.  You can
    // see an example of this in bvt\DynIL\initarray2.exe (in Main).
    //

    // Check to see if the ldtoken helper call is what we see here.
    if (!fieldTokenNode->OperIs(GT_CALL) ||
        !fieldTokenNode->AsCall()->IsHelperCall(eeFindHelper(CORINFO_HELP_FIELDDESC_TO_STUBRUNTIMEFIELD)))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Strip helper call away
    fieldTokenNode = fieldTokenNode->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(0)->GetNode();
    if (fieldTokenNode->OperIs(GT_IND))
    {
        fieldTokenNode = fieldTokenNode->AsOp()->gtOp1;
    }

    // Check for constant
    if (!fieldTokenNode->OperIs(GT_CNS_INT))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    CORINFO_FIELD_HANDLE fieldToken = (CORINFO_FIELD_HANDLE)fieldTokenNode->AsIntCon()->gtCompileTimeHandle;
    if (!fieldTokenNode->IsIconHandle(GTF_ICON_FIELD_HDL) || (fieldToken == nullptr))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE fieldClsHnd;
    var_types            fieldElementType = JITtype2varType(info.compCompHnd->getFieldType(fieldToken, &fieldClsHnd));
    unsigned             totalFieldSize;

    // Most static initialization data fields are of some structure, but it is possible for them to be of various
    // primitive types as well
    if (fieldElementType == var_types::TYP_STRUCT)
    {
        totalFieldSize = info.compCompHnd->getClassSize(fieldClsHnd);
    }
    else
    {
        totalFieldSize = genTypeSize(fieldElementType);
    }

    // Limit to primitive or enum type - see ArrayNative::GetSpanDataFrom()
    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE targetElemHnd = sig->sigInst.methInst[0];
    if (info.compCompHnd->getTypeForPrimitiveValueClass(targetElemHnd) == CORINFO_TYPE_UNDEF)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    const unsigned targetElemSize = info.compCompHnd->getClassSize(targetElemHnd);
    assert(targetElemSize != 0);

    const unsigned count = totalFieldSize / targetElemSize;
    if (count == 0)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    void* data = info.compCompHnd->getArrayInitializationData(fieldToken, totalFieldSize);
    if (!data)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    //
    // Ready to commit to the work
    //

    impPopStack();

    // Turn count and pointer value into constants.
    GenTree*  lengthValue = gtNewIconNode(count, TYP_INT);
    FieldSeq* fldSeq =
        GetFieldSeqStore()->Create(fieldToken, (ssize_t)data, FieldSeq::FieldKind::SimpleStaticKnownAddress);
    GenTree* pointerValue = gtNewIconHandleNode((size_t)data, GTF_ICON_STATIC_HDL, fldSeq);

    // Construct ReadOnlySpan<T> to return.
    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE spanHnd     = sig->retTypeClass;
    unsigned             spanTempNum = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("ReadOnlySpan<T> for CreateSpan<T>"));
    lvaSetStruct(spanTempNum, spanHnd, false);

    GenTree* dataFieldStore =
        gtNewStoreLclFldNode(spanTempNum, TYP_BYREF, OFFSETOF__CORINFO_Span__reference, pointerValue);
    GenTree* lengthFieldStore = gtNewStoreLclFldNode(spanTempNum, TYP_INT, OFFSETOF__CORINFO_Span__length, lengthValue);

    // Now append a few statements the initialize the span
    impAppendTree(lengthFieldStore, CHECK_SPILL_NONE, impCurStmtDI);
    impAppendTree(dataFieldStore, CHECK_SPILL_NONE, impCurStmtDI);

    // And finally create a tree that points at the span.
    return impCreateLocalNode(spanTempNum DEBUGARG(0));
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impIntrinsic: possibly expand intrinsic call into alternate IR sequence
//
// Arguments:
//    clsHnd - handle for the intrinsic method's class
//    method - handle for the intrinsic method
//    sig    - signature of the intrinsic method
//    methodFlags - CORINFO_FLG_XXX flags of the intrinsic method
//    memberRef - the token for the intrinsic method
//    readonlyCall - true if call has a readonly prefix
//    tailCall - true if call is in tail position
//    pConstrainedResolvedToken -- resolved token for constrained call, or nullptr
//       if call is not constrained
//    constraintCallThisTransform -- this transform to apply for a constrained call
//    entryPoint - The entry point information required for R2R scenarios
//    pIntrinsicName [OUT] -- intrinsic name (see enumeration in namedintrinsiclist.h)
//       for "traditional" jit intrinsics
//    isSpecialIntrinsic [OUT] -- set true if intrinsic expansion is a call
//       that is amenable to special downstream optimization opportunities
//
// Returns:
//    IR tree to use in place of the call, or nullptr if the jit should treat
//    the intrinsic call like a normal call.
//
//    pIntrinsicName set to non-illegal value if the call is recognized as a
//    traditional jit intrinsic, even if the intrinsic is not expaned.
//
//    isSpecial set true if the expansion is subject to special
//    optimizations later in the jit processing
//
// Notes:
//    On success the IR tree may be a call to a different method or an inline
//    sequence. If it is a call, then the intrinsic processing here is responsible
//    for handling all the special cases, as upon return to impImportCall
//    expanded intrinsics bypass most of the normal call processing.
//
//    Intrinsics are generally not recognized in minopts and debug codegen.
//
//    However, certain traditional intrinsics are identifed as "must expand"
//    if there is no fallback implementation to invoke; these must be handled
//    in all codegen modes.
//
//    New style intrinsics (where the fallback implementation is in IL) are
//    identified as "must expand" if they are invoked from within their
//    own method bodies.
//
GenTree* Compiler::impIntrinsic(CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE    clsHnd,
                                CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE   method,
                                CORINFO_SIG_INFO*       sig,
                                unsigned                methodFlags,
                                CORINFO_RESOLVED_TOKEN* pResolvedToken,
                                bool                    readonlyCall,
                                bool                    tailCall,
                                bool                    callvirt,
                                CORINFO_RESOLVED_TOKEN* pConstrainedResolvedToken,
                                CORINFO_THIS_TRANSFORM constraintCallThisTransform
                                                R2RARG(CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP* entryPoint),
                                NamedIntrinsic* pIntrinsicName,
                                bool*           isSpecialIntrinsic)
{
    bool       mustExpand  = false;
    bool       isSpecial   = false;
    const bool isIntrinsic = (methodFlags & CORINFO_FLG_INTRINSIC) != 0;
    int        memberRef   = pResolvedToken->token;

    NamedIntrinsic ni = lookupNamedIntrinsic(method);

    if (isIntrinsic)
    {
        // The recursive non-virtual calls to Jit intrinsics are must-expand by convention.
        mustExpand = gtIsRecursiveCall(method, false) && !(methodFlags & CORINFO_FLG_VIRTUAL);
    }
    else
    {
        // For mismatched VM (AltJit) we want to check all methods as intrinsic to ensure
        // we get more accurate codegen. This particularly applies to HWIntrinsic usage
        assert(!info.compMatchedVM);
    }

    // We specially support the following on all platforms to allow for dead
    // code optimization and to more generally support recursive intrinsics.

    if (isIntrinsic && (ni > NI_SPECIAL_IMPORT_START) && (ni < NI_PRIMITIVE_END))
    {
        static_assert(NI_SPECIAL_IMPORT_START < NI_SPECIAL_IMPORT_END);
        static_assert(NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_START < NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_END);
        static_assert(NI_PRIMITIVE_START < NI_PRIMITIVE_END);

        static_assert((NI_SPECIAL_IMPORT_END + 1) == NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_START);
        static_assert((NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_END + 1) == NI_PRIMITIVE_START);

        if (ni < NI_SPECIAL_IMPORT_END)
        {
            assert(ni > NI_SPECIAL_IMPORT_START);

            switch (ni)
            {
                case NI_IsSupported_True:
                {
                    assert(sig->numArgs == 0);
                    return gtNewIconNode(true);
                }

                case NI_IsSupported_False:
                {
                    assert(sig->numArgs == 0);
                    return gtNewIconNode(false);
                }

                case NI_IsSupported_Dynamic:
                {
                    break;
                }

                case NI_IsSupported_Type:
                {
                    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE typeArgHnd;
                    CorInfoType          simdBaseJitType;

                    typeArgHnd      = info.compCompHnd->getTypeInstantiationArgument(clsHnd, 0);
                    simdBaseJitType = info.compCompHnd->getTypeForPrimitiveNumericClass(typeArgHnd);

                    switch (simdBaseJitType)
                    {
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_BYTE:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_UBYTE:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_SHORT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_USHORT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_INT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_UINT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_LONG:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_ULONG:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_FLOAT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_DOUBLE:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_NATIVEINT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_NATIVEUINT:
                        {
                            return gtNewIconNode(true);
                        }

                        default:
                        {
                            return gtNewIconNode(false);
                        }
                    }
                }

                case NI_Throw_PlatformNotSupportedException:
                {
                    return impUnsupportedNamedIntrinsic(CORINFO_HELP_THROW_PLATFORM_NOT_SUPPORTED, method, sig,
                                                        mustExpand);
                }

                case NI_Vector_GetCount:
                {
                    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE typeArgHnd;
                    CorInfoType          simdBaseJitType;
                    unsigned             simdSize;

                    typeArgHnd      = info.compCompHnd->getTypeInstantiationArgument(clsHnd, 0);
                    simdBaseJitType = info.compCompHnd->getTypeForPrimitiveNumericClass(typeArgHnd);
                    simdSize        = info.compCompHnd->getClassSize(clsHnd);

                    switch (simdBaseJitType)
                    {
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_BYTE:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_UBYTE:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_SHORT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_USHORT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_INT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_UINT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_LONG:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_ULONG:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_FLOAT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_DOUBLE:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_NATIVEINT:
                        case CORINFO_TYPE_NATIVEUINT:
                        {
                            var_types      simdBaseType = JitType2PreciseVarType(simdBaseJitType);
                            unsigned       elementSize  = genTypeSize(simdBaseType);
                            GenTreeIntCon* countNode    = gtNewIconNode(simdSize / elementSize, TYP_INT);

#if defined(FEATURE_SIMD)
                            countNode->gtFlags |= GTF_ICON_SIMD_COUNT;
#endif // FEATURE_SIMD

                            return countNode;
                        }

                        default:
                        {
                            return impUnsupportedNamedIntrinsic(CORINFO_HELP_THROW_PLATFORM_NOT_SUPPORTED, method, sig,
                                                                mustExpand);
                        }
                    }
                }

                default:
                {
                    unreached();
                }
            }
        }
        else if (ni < NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_END)
        {
            assert(ni > NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_START);
            assert(!mustExpand);
            return impSRCSUnsafeIntrinsic(ni, clsHnd, method, sig, pResolvedToken);
        }
        else
        {
            assert((ni > NI_PRIMITIVE_START) && (ni < NI_PRIMITIVE_END));
            return impPrimitiveNamedIntrinsic(ni, clsHnd, method, sig, mustExpand);
        }
    }

#ifdef FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS
    if ((ni > NI_HW_INTRINSIC_START) && (ni < NI_HW_INTRINSIC_END))
    {
        static_assert(NI_HW_INTRINSIC_START < NI_HW_INTRINSIC_END);

        if (!isIntrinsic)
        {
#if defined(TARGET_XARCH)
            // We can't guarantee that all overloads for the xplat intrinsics can be
            // handled by the AltJit, so limit only the platform specific intrinsics
            assert((LAST_NI_Vector512 + 1) == FIRST_NI_X86Base);

            if (ni < LAST_NI_Vector512)
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM64)
            // We can't guarantee that all overloads for the xplat intrinsics can be
            // handled by the AltJit, so limit only the platform specific intrinsics
            assert((LAST_NI_Vector128 + 1) == FIRST_NI_AdvSimd);

            if (ni < LAST_NI_Vector128)
#else
#error Unsupported platform
#endif
            {
                // Several of the NI_Vector64/128/256 APIs do not have
                // all overloads as intrinsic today so they will assert
                return nullptr;
            }
        }

        GenTree* hwintrinsic = impHWIntrinsic(ni, clsHnd, method, sig R2RARG(entryPoint), mustExpand);

        if (hwintrinsic == nullptr)
        {
            if (mustExpand)
            {
                return impUnsupportedNamedIntrinsic(CORINFO_HELP_THROW_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, method, sig, mustExpand);
            }
            return nullptr;
        }

        // Fold result, if possible
        return gtFoldExpr(hwintrinsic);
    }
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

    if ((ni == NI_System_Numerics_Intrinsic) || (ni == NI_System_Runtime_Intrinsics_Intrinsic))
    {
        // These are special markers used just to ensure we still get the inlining profitability
        // boost. We actually have the implementation in managed, however, to keep the JIT simpler.
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (!isIntrinsic)
    {
        // Outside the cases above, there are many intrinsics which apply to only a
        // subset of overload and where simply matching by name may cause downstream
        // asserts or other failures. Math.Min is one example, where it only applies
        // to the floating-point overloads.
        return nullptr;
    }

    *pIntrinsicName = ni;

    if (ni == NI_System_StubHelpers_GetStubContext)
    {
        // must be done regardless of DbgCode and MinOpts
        return gtNewLclvNode(lvaStubArgumentVar, TYP_I_IMPL);
    }

    if (ni == NI_System_StubHelpers_NextCallReturnAddress)
    {
        // For now we just avoid inlining anything into these methods since
        // this intrinsic is only rarely used. We could do this better if we
        // wanted to by trying to match which call is the one we need to get
        // the return address of.
        info.compHasNextCallRetAddr = true;
        return new (this, GT_LABEL) GenTree(GT_LABEL, TYP_I_IMPL);
    }

    if (ni == NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_SetNextCallGenericContext)
    {
        lvaNextCallGenericContext                     = lvaGrabTemp(false DEBUGARG("Upcoming generic context"));
        lvaGetDesc(lvaNextCallGenericContext)->lvType = TYP_I_IMPL;

        GenTree* node = gtNewStoreLclVarNode(lvaNextCallGenericContext, impPopStack().val);
        return node;
    }

    if (ni == NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_SetNextCallAsyncContinuation)
    {
        lvaNextCallAsyncContinuation                     = lvaGrabTemp(false DEBUGARG("Upcoming async continuation"));
        lvaGetDesc(lvaNextCallAsyncContinuation)->lvType = TYP_REF;

        GenTree* node = gtNewStoreLclVarNode(lvaNextCallAsyncContinuation, impPopStack().val);
        return node;
    }

    if (ni == NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_AsyncHelpers_AsyncCallContinuation)
    {
        GenTree* node = new (this, GT_ASYNC_CONTINUATION) GenTree(GT_ASYNC_CONTINUATION, TYP_REF);
        node->SetHasOrderingSideEffect();
        node->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL | GTF_GLOB_REF;
        info.compUsesAsyncContinuation = true;
        return node;
    }

    if (ni == NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_AsyncHelpers_AsyncSuspend)
    {
        if (compIsForInlining())
        {
            compInlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_ASYNC_SUSPEND);
            return nullptr;
        }

        GenTree* node = gtNewOperNode(GT_RETURN_SUSPEND, TYP_VOID, impPopStack().val);
        node->SetHasOrderingSideEffect();
        node->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL | GTF_GLOB_REF;
        return node;
    }

    if (ni == NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_AsyncHelpers_Await)
    {
        // These are marked intrinsics simply to match them by name in
        // the Await pattern optimization. Make sure we keep pIntrinsicName assigned
        // (it would be overridden if we left this up to the rest of this function).
        *pIntrinsicName = ni;
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (ni == NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_AsyncHelpers_TailAwait)
    {
        if ((info.compMethodInfo->options & CORINFO_ASYNC_SAVE_CONTEXTS) != 0)
        {
            BADCODE("TailAwait is not supported in async methods that capture contexts");
        }

        m_nextAwaitIsTail = true;
        return gtNewNothingNode();
    }

    bool betterToExpand = false;

    // Allow some lightweight intrinsics in Tier0 which can improve throughput
    // we're fine if intrinsic decides to not expand itself in this case unlike mustExpand.
    if (!mustExpand && opts.Tier0OptimizationEnabled())
    {
        switch (ni)
        {
            // This one is just `return true/false`
            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_IsKnownConstant:

            // Not expanding this can lead to noticeable allocations in T0
            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_CreateSpan:

            // We need these to be able to fold "typeof(...) == typeof(...)"
            case NI_System_Type_GetTypeFromHandle:
            case NI_System_Type_op_Equality:
            case NI_System_Type_op_Inequality:

            // This allows folding "typeof(...).GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(...)"
            case NI_System_Type_GetGenericTypeDefinition:

            // These may lead to early dead code elimination
            case NI_System_Type_get_IsValueType:
            case NI_System_Type_get_IsPrimitive:
            case NI_System_Type_get_IsEnum:
            case NI_System_Type_get_IsByRefLike:
            case NI_System_Type_IsAssignableFrom:
            case NI_System_Type_IsAssignableTo:
            case NI_System_Type_get_IsGenericType:
            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_IsReferenceOrContainsReferences:

            // Lightweight intrinsics
            case NI_System_String_get_Chars:
            case NI_System_String_get_Length:
            case NI_System_Span_get_Item:
            case NI_System_Span_get_Length:
            case NI_System_ReadOnlySpan_get_Item:
            case NI_System_ReadOnlySpan_get_Length:
            case NI_System_BitConverter_DoubleToInt64Bits:
            case NI_System_BitConverter_Int32BitsToSingle:
            case NI_System_BitConverter_Int64BitsToDouble:
            case NI_System_BitConverter_SingleToInt32Bits:
            case NI_System_Buffers_Binary_BinaryPrimitives_ReverseEndianness:
            case NI_System_Type_GetEnumUnderlyingType:
            case NI_System_Type_get_TypeHandle:
            case NI_System_RuntimeType_get_TypeHandle:
            case NI_System_RuntimeTypeHandle_ToIntPtr:

            // This one is not simple, but it will help us
            // to avoid some unnecessary boxing
            case NI_System_Enum_HasFlag:

            // This one is made intrinsic specifically to avoid boxing in Tier0
            case NI_System_ArgumentNullException_ThrowIfNull:

            // Most atomics are compiled to single instructions
            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_And:
            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_Or:
            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_CompareExchange:
            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_Exchange:
            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_ExchangeAdd:
            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_MemoryBarrier:
            case NI_System_Threading_Volatile_Read:
            case NI_System_Threading_Volatile_Write:
            case NI_System_Threading_Volatile_ReadBarrier:
            case NI_System_Threading_Volatile_WriteBarrier:

                betterToExpand = true;
                break;

            case NI_System_SpanHelpers_Memmove:
            case NI_System_SpanHelpers_SequenceEqual:
                // We're going to instrument these
                betterToExpand = opts.IsInstrumented();
                break;

            default:
                // Various intrinsics are all small enough to prefer expansions.
                betterToExpand |= ni >= NI_SYSTEM_MATH_START && ni <= NI_SYSTEM_MATH_END;
                betterToExpand |= ni >= NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_START && ni <= NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_END;
                betterToExpand |= ni >= NI_PRIMITIVE_START && ni <= NI_PRIMITIVE_END;
                break;
        }
    }

    if (IsTargetAbi(CORINFO_NATIVEAOT_ABI))
    {
        switch (ni)
        {
            // Intrinsics that we should make every effort to expand for NativeAOT.
            // If the intrinsic cannot possibly be expanded, it's fine, but
            // if it can be, it should expand.
            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_CreateSpan:
            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_InitializeArray:
                betterToExpand = true;
                break;

            // Intrinsics that we should always expand for NativeAOT. These are
            // required to be expanded due to ILScanner assumptions.
            case NI_Internal_Runtime_MethodTable_Of:
            case NI_System_Activator_AllocatorOf:
            case NI_System_Activator_DefaultConstructorOf:
            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_IsReferenceOrContainsReferences:
                mustExpand = true;
                break;

            case NI_System_Runtime_InteropService_MemoryMarshal_GetArrayDataReference:
                mustExpand |= sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1;
                break;

            default:
                break;
        }
    }

    GenTree* retNode = nullptr;

    // Under debug and minopts, only expand what is required.
    // NextCallReturnAddress intrinsic returns the return address of the next call.
    // If that call is an intrinsic and is expanded, codegen for NextCallReturnAddress will fail.
    // To avoid that we conservatively expand only required intrinsics in methods that call
    // the NextCallReturnAddress intrinsic.
    if (!mustExpand && ((opts.OptimizationDisabled() && !betterToExpand) || info.compHasNextCallRetAddr))
    {
        *pIntrinsicName = NI_Illegal;
        return retNode;
    }

    CorInfoType callJitType = sig->retType;
    var_types   callType    = JITtype2varType(callJitType);

    /* First do the intrinsics which are always smaller than a call */

    if (ni != NI_Illegal)
    {
        assert(retNode == nullptr);

        bool isMinMaxIntrinsic = false;
        bool isMax             = false;
        bool isMagnitude       = false;
        bool isNative          = false;
        bool isNumber          = false;

        switch (ni)
        {
            case NI_Array_Address:
            case NI_Array_Get:
            case NI_Array_Set:
                retNode = impArrayAccessIntrinsic(clsHnd, sig, memberRef, readonlyCall, ni);
                break;

            case NI_System_String_Equals:
            {
                retNode = impUtf16StringComparison(StringComparisonKind::Equals, sig, methodFlags);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_MemoryExtensions_Equals:
            case NI_System_MemoryExtensions_SequenceEqual:
            {
                retNode = impUtf16SpanComparison(StringComparisonKind::Equals, sig, methodFlags);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_String_StartsWith:
            {
                retNode = impUtf16StringComparison(StringComparisonKind::StartsWith, sig, methodFlags);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_String_EndsWith:
            {
                retNode = impUtf16StringComparison(StringComparisonKind::EndsWith, sig, methodFlags);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_MemoryExtensions_StartsWith:
            {
                retNode = impUtf16SpanComparison(StringComparisonKind::StartsWith, sig, methodFlags);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_MemoryExtensions_EndsWith:
            {
                retNode = impUtf16SpanComparison(StringComparisonKind::EndsWith, sig, methodFlags);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_MemoryExtensions_AsSpan:
            case NI_System_String_op_Implicit:
            {
                assert(sig->numArgs == 1);
                isSpecial = impStackTop().val->OperIs(GT_CNS_STR);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_String_get_Chars:
            {
                GenTree* op2  = impPopStack().val;
                GenTree* op1  = impPopStack().val;
                GenTree* addr = gtNewIndexAddr(op1, op2, TYP_USHORT, NO_CLASS_HANDLE, OFFSETOF__CORINFO_String__chars,
                                               OFFSETOF__CORINFO_String__stringLen);
                retNode       = gtNewIndexIndir(addr->AsIndexAddr());
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_String_get_Length:
            {
                GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;
                if (op1->OperIs(GT_CNS_STR))
                {
                    // Optimize `ldstr + String::get_Length()` to CNS_INT
                    // e.g. "Hello".Length => 5
                    GenTreeIntCon* iconNode = gtNewStringLiteralLength(op1->AsStrCon());
                    if (iconNode != nullptr)
                    {
                        retNode = iconNode;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                GenTreeArrLen* arrLen = gtNewArrLen(TYP_INT, op1, OFFSETOF__CORINFO_String__stringLen);
                op1                   = arrLen;

                retNode = op1;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_CreateSpan:
            {
                retNode = impCreateSpanIntrinsic(sig);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_InitializeArray:
            {
                retNode = impInitializeArrayIntrinsic(sig);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_IsKnownConstant:
            {
                GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;
                if (op1->OperIsConst() || gtIsTypeof(op1))
                {
                    // op1 is a known constant, replace with 'true'.
                    retNode = gtNewTrue();
                    JITDUMP("\nExpanding RuntimeHelpers.IsKnownConstant to true early\n");
                    // We can also consider FTN_ADDR here
                }
                else if (opts.OptimizationDisabled())
                {
                    // It doesn't make sense to carry it as GT_INTRINSIC till Morph in Tier0
                    retNode = gtNewFalse();
                    JITDUMP("\nExpanding RuntimeHelpers.IsKnownConstant to false early\n");
                }
                else
                {
                    // op1 is not a known constant, we'll do the expansion in morph
                    retNode = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC) GenTreeIntrinsic(TYP_INT, op1, ni, method R2RARG(*entryPoint));
                    JITDUMP("\nConverting RuntimeHelpers.IsKnownConstant to:\n");
                    DISPTREE(retNode);
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_IsReferenceOrContainsReferences:
            {
                assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE fromTypeHnd = sig->sigInst.methInst[0];
                ClassLayout*         fromLayout  = nullptr;
                var_types            fromType    = TypeHandleToVarType(fromTypeHnd, &fromLayout);

                bool refOrContains = varTypeIsGC(fromType) || (fromLayout != nullptr && fromLayout->HasGCPtr());
                retNode            = refOrContains ? gtNewIconNode(1) : gtNewIconNode(0);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_GetMethodTable:
            {
                retNode = gtNewMethodTableLookup(impPopStack().val);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Runtime_InteropService_MemoryMarshal_GetArrayDataReference:
            {
                assert(sig->numArgs == 1);

                GenTree*             array   = impStackTop().val;
                bool                 notNull = false;
                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE elemHnd = NO_CLASS_HANDLE;
                CorInfoType          jitType;
                if (sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1)
                {
                    elemHnd = sig->sigInst.methInst[0];
                    jitType = info.compCompHnd->asCorInfoType(elemHnd);
                }
                else
                {
                    bool                 isExact  = false;
                    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE arrayHnd = gtGetClassHandle(array, &isExact, &notNull);
                    if ((arrayHnd == NO_CLASS_HANDLE) || !info.compCompHnd->isSDArray(arrayHnd))
                    {
                        return nullptr;
                    }
                    jitType = info.compCompHnd->getChildType(arrayHnd, &elemHnd);
                }

                array = impPopStack().val;

                assert(jitType != CORINFO_TYPE_UNDEF);
                assert((jitType != CORINFO_TYPE_VALUECLASS) || (elemHnd != NO_CLASS_HANDLE));

                if (!notNull && fgAddrCouldBeNull(array))
                {
                    GenTree* arrayClone;
                    array = impCloneExpr(array, &arrayClone, CHECK_SPILL_ALL,
                                         nullptr DEBUGARG("MemoryMarshal.GetArrayDataReference array"));

                    impAppendTree(gtNewNullCheck(array), CHECK_SPILL_ALL, impCurStmtDI);
                    array = arrayClone;
                }

                GenTree*          index     = gtNewIconNode(0, TYP_I_IMPL);
                GenTreeIndexAddr* indexAddr = gtNewArrayIndexAddr(array, index, JITtype2varType(jitType), elemHnd);
                indexAddr->gtFlags &= ~GTF_INX_RNGCHK;
                indexAddr->gtFlags |= GTF_INX_ADDR_NONNULL;
                retNode = indexAddr;
                break;
            }

            case NI_Internal_Runtime_MethodTable_Of:
            case NI_System_Activator_AllocatorOf:
            case NI_System_Activator_DefaultConstructorOf:
            {
                assert(IsTargetAbi(CORINFO_NATIVEAOT_ABI)); // Only NativeAOT supports it.
                CORINFO_RESOLVED_TOKEN resolvedToken;
                resolvedToken.tokenContext = impTokenLookupContextHandle;
                resolvedToken.tokenScope   = info.compScopeHnd;
                resolvedToken.token        = memberRef;
                resolvedToken.tokenType    = CORINFO_TOKENKIND_Method;

                CORINFO_GENERICHANDLE_RESULT embedInfo;
                info.compCompHnd->expandRawHandleIntrinsic(&resolvedToken, info.compMethodHnd, &embedInfo);

                GenTree* rawHandle =
                    impLookupToTree(&embedInfo.lookup, gtTokenToIconFlags(memberRef), embedInfo.compileTimeHandle);
                if (rawHandle == nullptr)
                {
                    return nullptr;
                }

                noway_assert(genTypeSize(rawHandle->TypeGet()) == genTypeSize(TYP_I_IMPL));

                unsigned rawHandleSlot = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("rawHandle"));
                impStoreToTemp(rawHandleSlot, rawHandle, CHECK_SPILL_NONE);

                GenTree*  lclVarAddr = gtNewLclVarAddrNode(rawHandleSlot);
                var_types resultType = JITtype2varType(sig->retType);
                if (resultType == TYP_STRUCT)
                {
                    retNode = gtNewBlkIndir(typGetObjLayout(sig->retTypeClass), lclVarAddr);
                }
                else
                {
                    retNode = gtNewIndir(resultType, lclVarAddr);
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Span_get_Item:
            case NI_System_ReadOnlySpan_get_Item:
            {
                optMethodFlags |= OMF_HAS_ARRAYREF;

                // Have index, stack pointer-to Span<T> s on the stack. Expand to:
                //
                // For Span<T>
                //   Comma
                //     BoundsCheck(index, s->_length)
                //     s->_reference + index * sizeof(T)
                //
                // For ReadOnlySpan<T> -- same expansion, as it now returns a readonly ref
                //
                // Signature should show one class type parameter, which
                // we need to examine.
                assert(sig->sigInst.classInstCount == 1);
                assert(sig->numArgs == 1);
                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE spanElemHnd = sig->sigInst.classInst[0];
                const unsigned       elemSize    = info.compCompHnd->getClassSize(spanElemHnd);
                assert(elemSize > 0);

                const bool isReadOnly = (ni == NI_System_ReadOnlySpan_get_Item);

                JITDUMP("\nimpIntrinsic: Expanding %sSpan<T>.get_Item, T=%s, sizeof(T)=%u\n",
                        isReadOnly ? "ReadOnly" : "", eeGetClassName(spanElemHnd), elemSize);

                GenTree* index          = impPopStack().val;
                GenTree* ptrToSpan      = impPopStack().val;
                GenTree* indexClone     = nullptr;
                GenTree* ptrToSpanClone = nullptr;
                assert(genActualType(index) == TYP_INT);
                assert(ptrToSpan->TypeIs(TYP_BYREF, TYP_I_IMPL));

#if defined(DEBUG)
                if (verbose)
                {
                    printf("with ptr-to-span\n");
                    gtDispTree(ptrToSpan);
                    printf("and index\n");
                    gtDispTree(index);
                }
#endif // defined(DEBUG)

                // We need to use both index and ptr-to-span twice, so clone or spill.
                index = impCloneExpr(index, &indexClone, CHECK_SPILL_ALL, nullptr DEBUGARG("Span.get_Item index"));

                if (impIsAddressInLocal(ptrToSpan))
                {
                    ptrToSpanClone = gtCloneExpr(ptrToSpan);
                }
                else
                {
                    ptrToSpan = impCloneExpr(ptrToSpan, &ptrToSpanClone, CHECK_SPILL_ALL,
                                             nullptr DEBUGARG("Span.get_Item ptrToSpan"));
                }

                // Bounds check
                CORINFO_FIELD_HANDLE lengthHnd    = info.compCompHnd->getFieldInClass(clsHnd, 1);
                const unsigned       lengthOffset = info.compCompHnd->getFieldOffset(lengthHnd);

                GenTreeFieldAddr* lengthFieldAddr = gtNewFieldAddrNode(lengthHnd, ptrToSpan, lengthOffset);
                GenTree*          length          = gtNewIndir(TYP_INT, lengthFieldAddr);
                lengthFieldAddr->SetIsSpanLength(true);

                GenTree* boundsCheck = new (this, GT_BOUNDS_CHECK) GenTreeBoundsChk(index, length, SCK_RNGCHK_FAIL);

                // Element access
                index = indexClone;
                index = impImplicitIorI4Cast(index, TYP_I_IMPL, /* zeroExtend */ true);

                if (elemSize != 1)
                {
                    GenTree* sizeofNode = gtNewIconNode(static_cast<ssize_t>(elemSize), TYP_I_IMPL);
                    index               = gtNewOperNode(GT_MUL, TYP_I_IMPL, index, sizeofNode);
                }

                CORINFO_FIELD_HANDLE ptrHnd        = info.compCompHnd->getFieldInClass(clsHnd, 0);
                const unsigned       ptrOffset     = info.compCompHnd->getFieldOffset(ptrHnd);
                GenTreeFieldAddr*    dataFieldAddr = gtNewFieldAddrNode(ptrHnd, ptrToSpanClone, ptrOffset);
                GenTree*             data          = gtNewIndir(TYP_BYREF, dataFieldAddr);
                GenTree*             result        = gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, TYP_BYREF, data, index);

                // Prepare result
                var_types resultType = JITtype2varType(sig->retType);
                assert(resultType == result->TypeGet());
                // Add an ordering dependency between the bounds check and
                // forming the byref to prevent these from being reordered. The
                // JIT is not allowed to create arbitrary illegal byrefs.
                boundsCheck->SetHasOrderingSideEffect();
                result->SetHasOrderingSideEffect();
                retNode = gtNewOperNode(GT_COMMA, resultType, boundsCheck, result);

                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Span_get_Length:
            case NI_System_ReadOnlySpan_get_Length:
            {
                assert(sig->sigInst.classInstCount == 1);
                assert(sig->numArgs == 0);

                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE spanElemHnd = sig->sigInst.classInst[0];
                const unsigned       elemSize    = info.compCompHnd->getClassSize(spanElemHnd);
                assert(elemSize > 0);

                const bool isReadOnly = (ni == NI_System_ReadOnlySpan_get_Length);

                JITDUMP("\nimpIntrinsic: Expanding %sSpan<T>.get_Length, T=%s, sizeof(T)=%u\n",
                        isReadOnly ? "ReadOnly" : "", eeGetClassName(spanElemHnd), elemSize);

                GenTree* ptrToSpan = impPopStack().val;

#if defined(DEBUG)
                if (verbose)
                {
                    printf("with ptr-to-span\n");
                    gtDispTree(ptrToSpan);
                }
#endif // defined(DEBUG)

                CORINFO_FIELD_HANDLE lengthHnd    = info.compCompHnd->getFieldInClass(clsHnd, 1);
                const unsigned       lengthOffset = info.compCompHnd->getFieldOffset(lengthHnd);

                GenTreeFieldAddr* lengthFieldAddr = gtNewFieldAddrNode(lengthHnd, ptrToSpan, lengthOffset);
                GenTree*          lengthField     = gtNewIndir(TYP_INT, lengthFieldAddr);
                lengthFieldAddr->SetIsSpanLength(true);

                return lengthField;
            }

            case NI_System_RuntimeTypeHandle_ToIntPtr:
            {
                GenTree* op1 = impStackTop(0).val;

                if (op1->IsHelperCall() && gtIsTypeHandleToRuntimeTypeHandleHelper(op1->AsCall()))
                {
                    // Old tree
                    // Helper-RuntimeTypeHandle -> TreeToGetNativeTypeHandle
                    //
                    // New tree
                    // TreeToGetNativeTypeHandle

                    // Remove call to helper and return the native TypeHandle pointer that was the parameter
                    // to that helper.

                    op1 = impPopStack().val;

                    // Get native TypeHandle argument to old helper
                    assert(op1->AsCall()->gtArgs.CountArgs() == 1);
                    op1     = op1->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(0)->GetNode();
                    retNode = op1;
                }
                else if (op1->OperIs(GT_CALL, GT_RET_EXPR))
                {
                    // Skip roundtrip "handle -> RuntimeType -> handle" for
                    // RuntimeTypeHandle.ToIntPtr(typeof(T).TypeHandle)
                    GenTreeCall* call = op1->IsCall() ? op1->AsCall() : op1->AsRetExpr()->gtInlineCandidate;
                    if (lookupNamedIntrinsic(call->gtCallMethHnd) == NI_System_RuntimeType_get_TypeHandle)
                    {
                        // Check that the arg is CORINFO_HELP_TYPEHANDLE_TO_RUNTIMETYPE helper call
                        GenTree* arg = call->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(0)->GetNode();
                        if (arg->IsHelperCall() && gtIsTypeHandleToRuntimeTypeHelper(arg->AsCall()))
                        {
                            impPopStack();
                            if (op1->OperIs(GT_RET_EXPR))
                            {
                                // Bash the RET_EXPR's call to no-op since it's unused now
                                op1->AsRetExpr()->gtInlineCandidate->gtBashToNOP();
                            }
                            // Skip roundtrip and return the type handle directly
                            retNode = arg->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(0)->GetNode();
                        }
                    }
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Type_GetTypeFromHandle:
            {
                GenTree*        op1 = impStackTop(0).val;
                CorInfoHelpFunc typeHandleHelper;
                if (op1->OperIs(GT_CALL) && op1->AsCall()->IsHelperCall() &&
                    gtIsTypeHandleToRuntimeTypeHandleHelper(op1->AsCall(), &typeHandleHelper))
                {
                    op1 = impPopStack().val;
                    // Replace helper with a more specialized helper that returns RuntimeType
                    if (typeHandleHelper == CORINFO_HELP_TYPEHANDLE_TO_RUNTIMETYPEHANDLE)
                    {
                        typeHandleHelper = CORINFO_HELP_TYPEHANDLE_TO_RUNTIMETYPE;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        assert(typeHandleHelper == CORINFO_HELP_TYPEHANDLE_TO_RUNTIMETYPEHANDLE_MAYBENULL);
                        typeHandleHelper = CORINFO_HELP_TYPEHANDLE_TO_RUNTIMETYPE_MAYBENULL;
                    }
                    assert(op1->AsCall()->gtArgs.CountArgs() == 1);
                    op1         = gtNewHelperCallNode(typeHandleHelper, TYP_REF,
                                                      op1->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetArgByIndex(0)->GetEarlyNode());
                    op1->gtType = TYP_REF;
                    retNode     = op1;
                }
                else if (GetRuntimeHandleUnderlyingType() == TYP_I_IMPL)
                {
                    // We'll try to expand it later.
                    isSpecial = true;
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Type_GetGenericTypeDefinition:
            {
                GenTree* type = impStackTop(0).val;

                retNode = impGetGenericTypeDefinition(type);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Type_op_Equality:
            case NI_System_Type_op_Inequality:
            {
                JITDUMP("Importing Type.op_*Equality intrinsic\n");
                GenTree* op1     = impStackTop(1).val;
                GenTree* op2     = impStackTop(0).val;
                GenTree* optTree = gtFoldTypeEqualityCall(ni == NI_System_Type_op_Equality, op1, op2);
                if (optTree != nullptr)
                {
                    // Success, clean up the evaluation stack.
                    impPopStack();
                    impPopStack();

                    // See if we can optimize even further, to a handle compare.
                    optTree = gtFoldTypeCompare(optTree);

                    // See if we can now fold a handle compare to a constant.
                    optTree = gtFoldExpr(optTree);

                    retNode = optTree;
                }
                else
                {
                    // Retry optimizing these later
                    isSpecial = true;
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_ArgumentNullException_ThrowIfNull:
                isSpecial = true;
                break;

            case NI_System_Enum_HasFlag:
            {
                GenTree* thisOp  = impStackTop(1).val;
                GenTree* flagOp  = impStackTop(0).val;
                GenTree* optTree = gtOptimizeEnumHasFlag(thisOp, flagOp);

                if (optTree != nullptr)
                {
                    // Optimization successful. Pop the stack for real.
                    impPopStack();
                    impPopStack();
                    retNode = optTree;
                }
                else
                {
                    // Retry optimizing this during morph.
                    isSpecial = true;
                }

                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Type_IsAssignableFrom:
            {
                GenTree* typeTo   = impStackTop(1).val;
                GenTree* typeFrom = impStackTop(0).val;

                retNode = impTypeIsAssignable(typeTo, typeFrom);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Type_IsAssignableTo:
            {
                GenTree* typeTo   = impStackTop(0).val;
                GenTree* typeFrom = impStackTop(1).val;

                retNode = impTypeIsAssignable(typeTo, typeFrom);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Type_get_TypeHandle:
            {
                // We can only expand this on NativeAOT where RuntimeTypeHandle looks like this:
                //
                //   struct RuntimeTypeHandle { IntPtr _value; }
                //
                GenTree* op1 = impStackTop(0).val;
                if (IsTargetAbi(CORINFO_NATIVEAOT_ABI) && op1->IsHelperCall() &&
                    gtIsTypeHandleToRuntimeTypeHelper(op1->AsCall()) && callvirt)
                {
                    assert(info.compCompHnd->getClassNumInstanceFields(sig->retTypeClass) == 1);

                    unsigned structLcl = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("RuntimeTypeHandle"));
                    lvaSetStruct(structLcl, sig->retTypeClass, false);
                    GenTree* realHandle     = op1->AsCall()->gtArgs.GetUserArgByIndex(0)->GetNode();
                    GenTree* storeHandleFld = gtNewStoreLclFldNode(structLcl, realHandle->TypeGet(), 0, realHandle);
                    impAppendTree(storeHandleFld, CHECK_SPILL_NONE, impCurStmtDI);

                    retNode = gtNewLclVarNode(structLcl);
                    impPopStack();
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Type_get_IsEnum:
            case NI_System_Type_get_IsValueType:
            case NI_System_Type_get_IsPrimitive:
            case NI_System_Type_get_IsByRefLike:
            case NI_System_Type_get_IsGenericType:
            {
                // Optimize
                //
                //   call Type.GetTypeFromHandle (which is replaced with CORINFO_HELP_TYPEHANDLE_TO_RUNTIMETYPE)
                //   call Type.IsXXX
                //
                // to `true` or `false`
                // e.g., `typeof(int).IsValueType` => `true`
                // e.g., `typeof(Span<int>).IsByRefLike` => `true`
                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE hClass = NO_CLASS_HANDLE;
                if (gtIsTypeof(impStackTop().val, &hClass))
                {
                    assert(hClass != NO_CLASS_HANDLE);
                    switch (ni)
                    {
                        case NI_System_Type_get_IsEnum:
                        {
                            TypeCompareState state = info.compCompHnd->isEnum(hClass, nullptr);
                            if (state == TypeCompareState::May)
                            {
                                retNode = nullptr;
                                break;
                            }
                            retNode = gtNewIconNode(state == TypeCompareState::Must ? 1 : 0);
                            break;
                        }
                        case NI_System_Type_get_IsValueType:
                            retNode = gtNewIconNode(eeIsValueClass(hClass) ? 1 : 0);
                            break;
                        case NI_System_Type_get_IsByRefLike:
                            retNode = gtNewIconNode(eeIsByrefLike(hClass) ? 1 : 0);
                            break;
                        case NI_System_Type_get_IsPrimitive:
                            // getTypeForPrimitiveValueClass returns underlying type for enums, so we check it first
                            // because enums are not primitive types.
                            if ((info.compCompHnd->isEnum(hClass, nullptr) == TypeCompareState::MustNot) &&
                                info.compCompHnd->getTypeForPrimitiveValueClass(hClass) != CORINFO_TYPE_UNDEF)
                            {
                                retNode = gtNewTrue();
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                retNode = gtNewFalse();
                            }
                            break;
                        case NI_System_Type_get_IsGenericType:
                        {
                            TypeCompareState state = info.compCompHnd->isGenericType(hClass);
                            if (state == TypeCompareState::May)
                            {
                                retNode = nullptr;
                                break;
                            }
                            retNode = state == TypeCompareState::Must ? gtNewTrue() : gtNewFalse();
                            break;
                        }
                        default:
                            NO_WAY("Intrinsic not supported in this path.");
                    }
                    if (retNode != nullptr)
                    {
                        impPopStack(); // drop CORINFO_HELP_TYPEHANDLE_TO_RUNTIMETYPE call
                    }
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Type_GetEnumUnderlyingType:
            {
                GenTree*             type             = impStackTop().val;
                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE hClassEnum       = NO_CLASS_HANDLE;
                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE hClassUnderlying = NO_CLASS_HANDLE;
                if (gtIsTypeof(type, &hClassEnum) && (hClassEnum != NO_CLASS_HANDLE) &&
                    (info.compCompHnd->isEnum(hClassEnum, &hClassUnderlying) == TypeCompareState::Must) &&
                    (hClassUnderlying != NO_CLASS_HANDLE))
                {
                    GenTree* handle = gtNewIconEmbClsHndNode(hClassUnderlying);
                    retNode         = gtNewHelperCallNode(CORINFO_HELP_TYPEHANDLE_TO_RUNTIMETYPE, TYP_REF, handle);
                    impPopStack();
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Threading_Thread_get_ManagedThreadId:
            {
                if (impStackTop().val->OperIs(GT_RET_EXPR))
                {
                    GenTreeCall* call = impStackTop().val->AsRetExpr()->gtInlineCandidate->AsCall();
                    if (call->IsSpecialIntrinsic())
                    {
                        if (lookupNamedIntrinsic(call->gtCallMethHnd) == NI_System_Threading_Thread_get_CurrentThread)
                        {
                            // drop get_CurrentThread() call
                            impPopStack();
                            call->ReplaceWith(gtNewNothingNode(), this);
                            retNode = gtNewHelperCallNode(CORINFO_HELP_GETCURRENTMANAGEDTHREADID, TYP_INT);
                        }
                    }
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Threading_Thread_FastPollGC:
            {
                optMethodFlags |= OMF_NEEDS_GCPOLLS;
                compCurBB->SetFlags(BBF_NEEDS_GCPOLL);

                GenTree* gcpoll = new (this, GT_GCPOLL) GenTree(GT_GCPOLL, TYP_VOID);
                // Prevent both reordering and removal. Invalid optimizations of Thread.FastPollGC are
                // very subtle and hard to observe. Thus we are conservatively marking it with both
                // GTF_CALL and GTF_GLOB_REF side-effects even though it may be more than strictly
                // necessary. The conservative side-effects are unlikely to have negative impact
                // on code quality in this case.
                gcpoll->gtFlags |= (GTF_CALL | GTF_GLOB_REF);
                retNode = gcpoll;
                break;
            }

#if defined(TARGET_ARM64) || defined(TARGET_RISCV64) || defined(TARGET_XARCH)
            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_Or:
            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_And:
            {
#if defined(TARGET_X86)
                // On x86, TYP_LONG is not supported as an intrinsic
                if (genActualType(callType) == TYP_LONG)
                {
                    break;
                }
#endif
                // TODO: Implement support for XAND/XORR with small integer types (byte/short)
                if ((callType != TYP_INT) && (callType != TYP_LONG))
                {
                    break;
                }

#if defined(TARGET_ARM64)
                if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_Atomics))
#endif
                {
                    assert(sig->numArgs == 2);
                    GenTree*   op2 = impPopStack().val;
                    GenTree*   op1 = impPopStack().val;
                    genTreeOps op  = (ni == NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_Or) ? GT_XORR : GT_XAND;
                    retNode        = gtNewAtomicNode(op, genActualType(callType), op1, op2);
                }
                break;
            }
#endif // defined(TARGET_ARM64) || defined(TARGET_RISCV64)

#if defined(TARGET_XARCH) || defined(TARGET_ARM64) || defined(TARGET_RISCV64)
            // TODO-ARM-CQ: reenable treating InterlockedCmpXchg32 operation as intrinsic
            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_CompareExchange:
            {
                var_types retType = JITtype2varType(sig->retType);

                if (genTypeSize(retType) > TARGET_POINTER_SIZE)
                {
                    break;
                }
#if !defined(TARGET_XARCH) && !defined(TARGET_ARM64)
                else if (genTypeSize(retType) < 4)
                {
                    break;
                }
#endif // !defined(TARGET_XARCH) && !defined(TARGET_ARM64)

                if ((retType == TYP_REF) &&
                    (impStackTop(1).val->IsIntegralConst(0) || impStackTop(1).val->IsIconHandle(GTF_ICON_OBJ_HDL)))
                {
                    // Intrinsify "object" overload in case of null or NonGC assignment
                    // since we don't need the write barrier.
                }
                else if (!varTypeIsIntegral(retType))
                {
                    break;
                }

                assert(callType != TYP_STRUCT);
                assert(sig->numArgs == 3);

                GenTree* op3 = impPopStack().val; // comparand
                if (varTypeIsSmall(callType))
                {
                    // small types need the comparand to have its upper bits zeroed
                    op3 = gtNewCastNode(genActualType(callType), op3, /* uns */ false, varTypeToUnsigned(callType));
                }
                GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val; // value
                GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val; // location
                retNode      = gtNewAtomicNode(GT_CMPXCHG, callType, op1, op2, op3);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_Exchange:
            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_ExchangeAdd:
            {
                var_types retType = JITtype2varType(sig->retType);

                if (genTypeSize(retType) > TARGET_POINTER_SIZE)
                {
                    break;
                }
#if !defined(TARGET_XARCH) && !defined(TARGET_ARM64)
                else if (genTypeSize(retType) < 4)
                {
                    break;
                }
#endif // !defined(TARGET_XARCH) && !defined(TARGET_ARM64)

                if ((retType == TYP_REF) &&
                    (impStackTop().val->IsIntegralConst(0) || impStackTop().val->IsIconHandle(GTF_ICON_OBJ_HDL)))
                {
                    // Intrinsify "object" overload in case of null or NonGC assignment
                    // since we don't need the write barrier.
                    assert(ni == NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_Exchange);
                }
                else if (!varTypeIsIntegral(retType))
                {
                    break;
                }

                assert(callType != TYP_STRUCT);
                assert(sig->numArgs == 2);
                assert((genTypeSize(retType) >= 4) || (ni == NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_Exchange));

                GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
                GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;

                // This creates:
                // XAdd
                //   val
                //   field_addr (for example)
                //
                retNode = gtNewAtomicNode(ni == NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_ExchangeAdd ? GT_XADD : GT_XCHG,
                                          callType, op1, op2);
                break;
            }
#endif // defined(TARGET_XARCH) || defined(TARGET_ARM64) || defined(TARGET_RISCV64)

            case NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_MemoryBarrier:
            {
                assert(sig->numArgs == 0);
                retNode = gtNewMemoryBarrier(BARRIER_FULL);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Threading_Volatile_ReadBarrier:
            {
                assert(sig->numArgs == 0);
                // On XARCH `NI_System_Threading_Volatile_ReadBarrier` fences need not be emitted.
                // However, we still need to capture the effect on reordering.
                retNode = gtNewMemoryBarrier(BARRIER_LOAD_ONLY);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Threading_Volatile_WriteBarrier:
            {
                assert(sig->numArgs == 0);
                // On XARCH `NI_System_Threading_Volatile_WriteBarrier` fences need not be emitted.
                // However, we still need to capture the effect on reordering.
                retNode = gtNewMemoryBarrier(BARRIER_STORE_ONLY);
                break;
            }

#ifdef FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS
            case NI_System_Math_FusedMultiplyAdd:
            {
                assert(varTypeIsFloating(callType));
#ifdef TARGET_XARCH
                if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AVX2))
                {
                    // We are constructing a chain of intrinsics similar to:
                    //    return FMA.MultiplyAddScalar(
                    //        Vector128.CreateScalarUnsafe(x),
                    //        Vector128.CreateScalarUnsafe(y),
                    //        Vector128.CreateScalarUnsafe(z)
                    //    ).ToScalar();

                    GenTree* op3 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);
                    GenTree* op2 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);
                    GenTree* op1 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);

                    op3 = gtNewSimdCreateScalarUnsafeNode(TYP_SIMD16, op3, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 16);
                    op2 = gtNewSimdCreateScalarUnsafeNode(TYP_SIMD16, op2, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 16);
                    op1 = gtNewSimdCreateScalarUnsafeNode(TYP_SIMD16, op1, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 16);

                    retNode = gtNewSimdHWIntrinsicNode(TYP_SIMD16, op1, op2, op3, NI_AVX2_MultiplyAddScalar,
                                                       JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 16);

                    retNode = gtNewSimdToScalarNode(callType, retNode, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 16);
                    break;
                }
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM64)
                // We are constructing a chain of intrinsics similar to:
                //    return AdvSimd.FusedMultiplyAddScalar(
                //        Vector64.Create{ScalarUnsafe}(z),
                //        Vector64.Create{ScalarUnsafe}(y),
                //        Vector64.Create{ScalarUnsafe}(x)
                //    ).ToScalar();

                impSpillSideEffect(true, stackState.esStackDepth -
                                             3 DEBUGARG("Spilling op1 side effects for FusedMultiplyAdd"));

                impSpillSideEffect(true, stackState.esStackDepth -
                                             2 DEBUGARG("Spilling op2 side effects for FusedMultiplyAdd"));

                GenTree* op3 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);
                GenTree* op2 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);
                GenTree* op1 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);

                op3 = gtNewSimdCreateScalarUnsafeNode(TYP_SIMD8, op3, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 8);
                op2 = gtNewSimdCreateScalarUnsafeNode(TYP_SIMD8, op2, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 8);
                op1 = gtNewSimdCreateScalarUnsafeNode(TYP_SIMD8, op1, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 8);

                // Note that AdvSimd.FusedMultiplyAddScalar(op1,op2,op3) corresponds to op1 + op2 * op3
                // while Math{F}.FusedMultiplyAddScalar(op1,op2,op3) corresponds to op1 * op2 + op3
                retNode = gtNewSimdHWIntrinsicNode(TYP_SIMD8, op3, op2, op1, NI_AdvSimd_FusedMultiplyAddScalar,
                                                   JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 8);

                retNode = gtNewSimdToScalarNode(callType, retNode, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 8);
                break;
#endif

                // TODO-CQ-XArch: Ideally we would create a GT_INTRINSIC node for fma, however, that currently
                // requires more extensive changes to valuenum to support methods with 3 operands

                // We want to generate a GT_INTRINSIC node in the case the call can't be treated as
                // a target intrinsic so that we can still benefit from CSE and constant folding.

                break;
            }
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

            case NI_System_Math_Abs:
            case NI_System_Math_Acos:
            case NI_System_Math_Acosh:
            case NI_System_Math_Asin:
            case NI_System_Math_Asinh:
            case NI_System_Math_Atan:
            case NI_System_Math_Atanh:
            case NI_System_Math_Atan2:
            case NI_System_Math_Cbrt:
            case NI_System_Math_Ceiling:
            case NI_System_Math_Cos:
            case NI_System_Math_Cosh:
            case NI_System_Math_Exp:
            case NI_System_Math_Floor:
            case NI_System_Math_ILogB:
            case NI_System_Math_Log:
            case NI_System_Math_Log2:
            case NI_System_Math_Log10:
            {
                retNode = impMathIntrinsic(method, sig R2RARG(entryPoint), callType, ni, tailCall, &isSpecial);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_Max:
            {
                isMinMaxIntrinsic = true;
                isMax             = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_MaxMagnitude:
            {
                isMinMaxIntrinsic = true;
                isMax             = true;
                isMagnitude       = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_MaxMagnitudeNumber:
            {
                isMinMaxIntrinsic = true;
                isMax             = true;
                isMagnitude       = true;
                isNumber          = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_MaxNative:
            {
                isMinMaxIntrinsic = true;
                isMax             = true;
                isNative          = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_MaxNumber:
            {
                isMinMaxIntrinsic = true;
                isMax             = true;
                isNumber          = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_Min:
            {
                isMinMaxIntrinsic = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_MinMagnitude:
            {
                isMinMaxIntrinsic = true;
                isMagnitude       = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_MinMagnitudeNumber:
            {
                isMinMaxIntrinsic = true;
                isMagnitude       = true;
                isNumber          = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_MinNative:
            {
                isMinMaxIntrinsic = true;
                isNative          = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_MinNumber:
            {
                isMinMaxIntrinsic = true;
                isNumber          = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_Pow:
            case NI_System_Math_Round:
            case NI_System_Math_Sin:
            case NI_System_Math_Sinh:
            case NI_System_Math_Sqrt:
            case NI_System_Math_Tan:
            case NI_System_Math_Tanh:
            case NI_System_Math_Truncate:
            {
                retNode = impMathIntrinsic(method, sig R2RARG(entryPoint), callType, ni, tailCall, &isSpecial);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Math_MultiplyAddEstimate:
            case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalEstimate:
            case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalSqrtEstimate:
            {
                retNode = impEstimateIntrinsic(method, sig, callJitType, ni, mustExpand);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Array_Clone:
            case NI_System_Collections_Generic_Comparer_get_Default:
            case NI_System_Collections_Generic_EqualityComparer_get_Default:
            case NI_System_Object_MemberwiseClone:
            case NI_System_Threading_Thread_get_CurrentThread:
            {
                // Flag for later handling.
                isSpecial = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Object_GetType:
            {
                JITDUMP("\n impIntrinsic: call to Object.GetType\n");
                GenTree* op1 = impStackTop(0).val;

                // If we're calling GetType on a boxed value, just get the type directly.
                if (op1->IsBoxedValue())
                {
                    JITDUMP("Attempting to optimize box(...).getType() to direct type construction\n");

                    // Try and clean up the box. Obtain the handle we
                    // were going to pass to the newobj.
                    GenTree* boxTypeHandle = gtTryRemoveBoxUpstreamEffects(op1, BR_REMOVE_AND_NARROW_WANT_TYPE_HANDLE);

                    if (boxTypeHandle != nullptr)
                    {
                        // Note we don't need to play the TYP_STRUCT games here like
                        // do for LDTOKEN since the return value of this operator is Type,
                        // not RuntimeTypeHandle.
                        impPopStack();
                        GenTree* runtimeType =
                            gtNewHelperCallNode(CORINFO_HELP_TYPEHANDLE_TO_RUNTIMETYPE, TYP_REF, boxTypeHandle);
                        retNode = runtimeType;
                    }
                }

                // If we have a constrained callvirt with a "box this" transform
                // we know we have a value class and hence an exact type.
                //
                // If so, instead of boxing and then extracting the type, just
                // construct the type directly.
                if ((retNode == nullptr) && (pConstrainedResolvedToken != nullptr) &&
                    (constraintCallThisTransform == CORINFO_BOX_THIS))
                {
                    // Ensure this is one of the simple box cases (in particular, rule out nullables).
                    const CorInfoHelpFunc boxHelper = info.compCompHnd->getBoxHelper(pConstrainedResolvedToken->hClass);
                    const bool            isSafeToOptimize = (boxHelper == CORINFO_HELP_BOX);

                    if (isSafeToOptimize)
                    {
                        JITDUMP("Optimizing constrained box-this obj.getType() to direct type construction\n");
                        impPopStack();
                        GenTree* typeHandleOp =
                            impTokenToHandle(pConstrainedResolvedToken, nullptr, true /* mustRestoreHandle */);
                        if (typeHandleOp == nullptr)
                        {
                            assert(compDonotInline());
                            return nullptr;
                        }
                        GenTree* runtimeType =
                            gtNewHelperCallNode(CORINFO_HELP_TYPEHANDLE_TO_RUNTIMETYPE, TYP_REF, typeHandleOp);
                        retNode = runtimeType;
                    }
                }

#ifdef DEBUG
                if (retNode != nullptr)
                {
                    JITDUMP("Optimized result for call to GetType is\n");
                    if (verbose)
                    {
                        gtDispTree(retNode);
                    }
                }
#endif

                // Else expand as an intrinsic, unless the call is constrained,
                // in which case we defer expansion to allow impImportCall do the
                // special constraint processing.
                if ((retNode == nullptr) && (pConstrainedResolvedToken == nullptr))
                {
                    JITDUMP("Expanding as special intrinsic\n");
                    impPopStack();
                    op1 = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC)
                        GenTreeIntrinsic(genActualType(callType), op1, ni, method R2RARG(*entryPoint));

                    // Set the CALL flag to indicate that the operator is implemented by a call.
                    // Set also the EXCEPTION flag because the native implementation of
                    // NI_System_Object_GetType intrinsic can throw NullReferenceException.
                    op1->gtFlags |= (GTF_CALL | GTF_EXCEPT);
                    retNode = op1;
                    // Might be further optimizable, so arrange to leave a mark behind
                    isSpecial = true;
                }

                if (retNode == nullptr)
                {
                    JITDUMP("Leaving as normal call\n");
                    // Might be further optimizable, so arrange to leave a mark behind
                    isSpecial = true;
                }

                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Array_GetLength:
            case NI_System_Array_GetLowerBound:
            case NI_System_Array_GetUpperBound:
            {
                // System.Array.GetLength(Int32) method:
                //     public int GetLength(int dimension)
                // System.Array.GetLowerBound(Int32) method:
                //     public int GetLowerBound(int dimension)
                // System.Array.GetUpperBound(Int32) method:
                //     public int GetUpperBound(int dimension)
                //
                // Only implement these as intrinsics for multi-dimensional arrays.
                // Only handle constant dimension arguments.

                GenTree* gtDim = impStackTop().val;
                GenTree* gtArr = impStackTop(1).val;

                if (gtDim->IsIntegralConst())
                {
                    bool                 isExact   = false;
                    bool                 isNonNull = false;
                    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE arrCls    = gtGetClassHandle(gtArr, &isExact, &isNonNull);
                    if (arrCls != NO_CLASS_HANDLE)
                    {
                        unsigned rank = info.compCompHnd->getArrayRank(arrCls);
                        if ((rank > 1) && !info.compCompHnd->isSDArray(arrCls))
                        {
                            // `rank` is guaranteed to be <=32 (see MAX_RANK in vm\array.h). Any constant argument
                            // is `int` sized.
                            INT64 dimValue = gtDim->AsIntConCommon()->IntegralValue();
                            assert((unsigned int)dimValue == dimValue);
                            unsigned dim = (unsigned int)dimValue;
                            if (dim < rank)
                            {
                                // This is now known to be a multi-dimension array with a constant dimension
                                // that is in range; we can expand it as an intrinsic.

                                impPopStack().val; // Pop the dim and array object; we already have a pointer to them.
                                impPopStack().val;

                                // Make sure there are no global effects in the array (such as it being a function
                                // call), so we can mark the generated indirection with GTF_IND_INVARIANT. In the
                                // GetUpperBound case we need the cloned object, since we refer to the array
                                // object twice. In the other cases, we don't need to clone.
                                GenTree* gtArrClone = nullptr;
                                if (((gtArr->gtFlags & GTF_GLOB_EFFECT) != 0) || (ni == NI_System_Array_GetUpperBound))
                                {
                                    gtArr = impCloneExpr(gtArr, &gtArrClone, CHECK_SPILL_ALL,
                                                         nullptr DEBUGARG("MD intrinsics array"));
                                }

                                switch (ni)
                                {
                                    case NI_System_Array_GetLength:
                                    {
                                        // Generate *(array + offset-to-length-array + sizeof(int) * dim)
                                        unsigned offs   = eeGetMDArrayLengthOffset(rank, dim);
                                        GenTree* gtOffs = gtNewIconNode(offs, TYP_I_IMPL);
                                        GenTree* gtAddr = gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, TYP_BYREF, gtArr, gtOffs);
                                        retNode         = gtNewIndir(TYP_INT, gtAddr, GTF_IND_INVARIANT);
                                        break;
                                    }
                                    case NI_System_Array_GetLowerBound:
                                    {
                                        // Generate *(array + offset-to-bounds-array + sizeof(int) * dim)
                                        unsigned offs   = eeGetMDArrayLowerBoundOffset(rank, dim);
                                        GenTree* gtOffs = gtNewIconNode(offs, TYP_I_IMPL);
                                        GenTree* gtAddr = gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, TYP_BYREF, gtArr, gtOffs);
                                        retNode         = gtNewIndir(TYP_INT, gtAddr, GTF_IND_INVARIANT);
                                        break;
                                    }
                                    case NI_System_Array_GetUpperBound:
                                    {
                                        assert(gtArrClone != nullptr);

                                        // Generate:
                                        //    *(array + offset-to-length-array + sizeof(int) * dim) +
                                        //    *(array + offset-to-bounds-array + sizeof(int) * dim) - 1
                                        unsigned offs         = eeGetMDArrayLowerBoundOffset(rank, dim);
                                        GenTree* gtOffs       = gtNewIconNode(offs, TYP_I_IMPL);
                                        GenTree* gtAddr       = gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, TYP_BYREF, gtArr, gtOffs);
                                        GenTree* gtLowerBound = gtNewIndir(TYP_INT, gtAddr, GTF_IND_INVARIANT);

                                        offs              = eeGetMDArrayLengthOffset(rank, dim);
                                        gtOffs            = gtNewIconNode(offs, TYP_I_IMPL);
                                        gtAddr            = gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, TYP_BYREF, gtArrClone, gtOffs);
                                        GenTree* gtLength = gtNewIndir(TYP_INT, gtAddr, GTF_IND_INVARIANT);

                                        GenTree* gtSum = gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, TYP_INT, gtLowerBound, gtLength);
                                        GenTree* gtOne = gtNewIconNode(1, TYP_INT);
                                        retNode        = gtNewOperNode(GT_SUB, TYP_INT, gtSum, gtOne);
                                        break;
                                    }
                                    default:
                                        unreached();
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Buffers_Binary_BinaryPrimitives_ReverseEndianness:
            {
                assert(sig->numArgs == 1);

                // We expect the return type of the ReverseEndianness routine to match the type of the
                // one and only argument to the method. We use a special instruction for 16-bit
                // BSWAPs since on x86 processors this is implemented as ROR <16-bit reg>, 8. Additionally,
                // we only emit 64-bit BSWAP instructions on 64-bit archs; if we're asked to perform a
                // 64-bit byte swap on a 32-bit arch, we'll fall to the default case in the switch block below.

                switch (sig->retType)
                {
                    case CorInfoType::CORINFO_TYPE_SHORT:
                    case CorInfoType::CORINFO_TYPE_USHORT:
                    {
                        retNode = gtNewCastNode(TYP_INT, gtNewOperNode(GT_BSWAP16, TYP_INT, impPopStack().val), false,
                                                callType);
                        break;
                    }

                    case CorInfoType::CORINFO_TYPE_INT:
                    case CorInfoType::CORINFO_TYPE_UINT:
#ifdef TARGET_64BIT
                    case CorInfoType::CORINFO_TYPE_LONG:
                    case CorInfoType::CORINFO_TYPE_ULONG:
#endif // TARGET_64BIT
                        retNode = gtNewOperNode(GT_BSWAP, callType, impPopStack().val);
                        break;

                    default:
                        // This default case gets hit on 32-bit archs when a call to a 64-bit overload
                        // of ReverseEndianness is encountered. In that case we'll let JIT treat this as a standard
                        // method call, where the implementation decomposes the operation into two 32-bit
                        // bswap routines. If the input to the 64-bit function is a constant, then we rely
                        // on inlining + constant folding of 32-bit bswaps to effectively constant fold
                        // the 64-bit call site.
                        break;
                }

                break;
            }

            case NI_System_GC_KeepAlive:
            {
                retNode = impKeepAliveIntrinsic(impPopStack().val);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Text_UTF8Encoding_UTF8EncodingSealed_ReadUtf8:
            case NI_System_SpanHelpers_SequenceEqual:
            case NI_System_SpanHelpers_ClearWithoutReferences:
            case NI_System_SpanHelpers_Memmove:
            {
                if (sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 0)
                {
                    // We'll try to unroll this in lower for constant input.
                    isSpecial = true;
                }
                // The generic version is also marked as [Intrinsic] just as a hint for the inliner
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_SpanHelpers_Fill:
            {
                if (sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1)
                {
                    // We'll try to unroll this in lower for constant input.
                    isSpecial = true;
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_SZArrayHelper_GetEnumerator:
            case NI_System_Array_T_GetEnumerator:
            {
                // We may know the exact type these return
                isSpecial = true;
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_BitConverter_DoubleToInt64Bits:
            {
                GenTree* op1 = impStackTop().val;
                assert(varTypeIsFloating(op1));

                if (op1->IsCnsFltOrDbl())
                {
                    impPopStack();

                    double f64Cns = op1->AsDblCon()->DconValue();
                    retNode       = gtNewLconNode(*reinterpret_cast<int64_t*>(&f64Cns));
                }
#if TARGET_64BIT
                else
                {
                    // TODO-Cleanup: We should support this on 32-bit but it requires decomposition work
                    impPopStack();

                    op1     = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(op1, TYP_DOUBLE);
                    retNode = gtNewBitCastNode(TYP_LONG, op1);
                }
#endif
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_BitConverter_Int32BitsToSingle:
            {
                GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;
                assert(varTypeIsInt(op1));

                if (op1->IsIntegralConst())
                {
                    float f32Cns = BitOperations::UInt32BitsToSingle((uint32_t)op1->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue());
                    retNode      = gtNewDconNodeF(f32Cns);
                }
                else
                {
                    retNode = gtNewBitCastNode(TYP_FLOAT, op1);
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_BitConverter_Int64BitsToDouble:
            {
                GenTree* op1 = impStackTop().val;
                assert(varTypeIsLong(op1));

                if (op1->IsIntegralConst())
                {
                    impPopStack();

                    int64_t i64Cns = op1->AsIntConCommon()->LngValue();
                    retNode        = gtNewDconNodeD(*reinterpret_cast<double*>(&i64Cns));
                }
#if TARGET_64BIT
                else
                {
                    // TODO-Cleanup: We should support this on 32-bit but it requires decomposition work
                    impPopStack();

                    retNode = gtNewBitCastNode(TYP_DOUBLE, op1);
                }
#endif
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_BitConverter_SingleToInt32Bits:
            {
                GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;
                assert(varTypeIsFloating(op1));

                if (op1->IsCnsFltOrDbl())
                {
                    float f32Cns = FloatingPointUtils::convertToSingle(op1->AsDblCon()->DconValue());
                    retNode      = gtNewIconNode((int32_t)BitOperations::SingleToUInt32Bits(f32Cns));
                }
                else
                {
                    op1     = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(op1, TYP_FLOAT);
                    retNode = gtNewBitCastNode(TYP_INT, op1);
                }
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_StaticsHelpers_VolatileReadAsByref:
            {
                retNode = gtNewIndir(TYP_BYREF, impPopStack().val, GTF_IND_VOLATILE);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Threading_Volatile_Read:
            {
                assert((sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 0) || (sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1));
                var_types retType = sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 0 ? JITtype2varType(sig->retType) : TYP_REF;
#ifndef TARGET_64BIT
                if ((retType == TYP_LONG) || (retType == TYP_DOUBLE))
                {
                    break;
                }
#endif // !TARGET_64BIT
                assert(retType == TYP_REF || impIsPrimitive(sig->retType));
                retNode = gtNewIndir(retType, impPopStack().val, GTF_IND_VOLATILE);
                break;
            }

            case NI_System_Threading_Volatile_Write:
            {
                var_types type = TYP_REF;
                if (sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 0)
                {
                    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE typeHnd = nullptr;
                    CorInfoType          jitType =
                        strip(info.compCompHnd->getArgType(sig, info.compCompHnd->getArgNext(sig->args), &typeHnd));
                    assert(impIsPrimitive(jitType));
                    type = JITtype2varType(jitType);
#ifndef TARGET_64BIT
                    if ((type == TYP_LONG) || (type == TYP_DOUBLE))
                    {
                        break;
                    }
#endif // !TARGET_64BIT
                }
                else
                {
                    assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);
                    assert(!eeIsValueClass(sig->sigInst.methInst[0]));
                }

                GenTree* value = impPopStack().val;
                GenTree* addr  = impPopStack().val;

                retNode = gtNewStoreIndNode(type, addr, value, GTF_IND_VOLATILE);
                break;
            }

            default:
                break;
        }

        if (isMinMaxIntrinsic)
        {
            if (varTypeIsIntegral(callType))
            {
                assert(!isMagnitude && !isNative && !isNumber);

#ifdef TARGET_RISCV64
                if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_Zbb))
                {
                    GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
                    GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;

                    // RISC-V integer min/max instructions operate on whole registers with preferrably ABI-extended
                    // values. We currently don't know if a register is ABI-extended so always cast, even for 'int' and
                    // 'uint'.
                    var_types preciseType = JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType);
                    if (genTypeSize(preciseType) < REGSIZE_BYTES)
                    {
                        // Zero-extended 'uint' is unnatural on RISC-V
                        bool zeroExtend = varTypeIsUnsigned(preciseType) && (preciseType != TYP_UINT);

                        op2 = gtNewCastNode(TYP_I_IMPL, op2, zeroExtend, TYP_I_IMPL);
                        op1 = gtNewCastNode(TYP_I_IMPL, op1, zeroExtend, TYP_I_IMPL);
                    }

                    if (varTypeIsUnsigned(preciseType))
                    {
                        ni = isMax ? NI_System_Math_MaxUnsigned : NI_System_Math_MinUnsigned;
                    }

                    GenTreeIntrinsic* minMax = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC)
                        GenTreeIntrinsic(TYP_I_IMPL, op1, op2, ni, nullptr R2RARG(CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP{IAT_VALUE}));

                    retNode = minMax;
                }
#endif // TARGET_RISCV64
            }
            else if (!isNative || !BlockNonDeterministicIntrinsics(mustExpand))
            {
#if defined(FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS)
                GenTree* op2 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);
                GenTree* op1 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);

                if (isNative)
                {
                    assert(!isMagnitude && !isNumber);
                    retNode =
                        gtNewSimdMinMaxNativeNode(callType, op1, op2, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 0, isMax);
                }
                else
                {
                    retNode = gtNewSimdMinMaxNode(callType, op1, op2, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), 0, isMax,
                                                  isMagnitude, isNumber);
                }
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

#ifdef TARGET_RISCV64
                if (!isMagnitude)
                {
                    GenTree* op2 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);
                    GenTree* op1 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);

                    GenTree *op1Clone = nullptr, *op2Clone = nullptr;
                    if (isNative)
                    {
                        assert(!isMagnitude && !isNumber);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        if (!isNumber)
                        {
                            op2 = impCloneExpr(op2, &op2Clone, CHECK_SPILL_ALL,
                                               nullptr DEBUGARG("Clone op2 for Math.Min/Max non-Number"));
                        }
                        op1 = impCloneExpr(op1, &op1Clone, CHECK_SPILL_ALL,
                                           nullptr DEBUGARG("Clone op1 for Math.Min/Max"));
                    }

                    static const CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP nullEntry = {IAT_VALUE};

                    // Native RISC-V fmin/fmax instructions implement IEEE 754-2019 Minimum/MaximumNumber functions
                    // which don't specify what kind of NaN is returned if both arguments are NaN. RISC-V returns quiet
                    // canonical NaN in this case.
                    ni = isMax ? NI_System_Math_MaxNative : NI_System_Math_MinNative;
                    GenTree* minMax =
                        new (this, GT_INTRINSIC) GenTreeIntrinsic(callType, op1, op2, ni, nullptr R2RARG(nullEntry));

                    if (!isNative)
                    {
                        // Make sure we return the NaN argument verbatim (if both are NaN, the first one), which is an
                        // additional requirement for .NET Min/Max APIs on top of IEEE 754.

                        if (isNumber)
                        {
                            // Build expression:  isNumber(minMax) ? minMax : op1
                            GenTree* minMaxClone;
                            minMax = impCloneExpr(minMax, &minMaxClone, CHECK_SPILL_NONE,
                                                  nullptr DEBUGARG("Clone min/max result in Math.Min/MaxNumber"));

                            GenTreeOp* isNumber = gtNewOperNode(GT_EQ, TYP_INT, minMax, minMaxClone);

                            minMax = gtNewQmarkNode(callType, isNumber,
                                                    gtNewColonNode(callType, gtCloneExpr(minMaxClone), op1Clone));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            // Build expression:  isNumber(op1) ? (isNumber(op2) ? minMax : op2) : op1
                            GenTreeOp* isOp1Number = gtNewOperNode(GT_EQ, TYP_INT, op1Clone, gtCloneExpr(op1Clone));
                            GenTreeOp* isOp2Number = gtNewOperNode(GT_EQ, TYP_INT, op2Clone, gtCloneExpr(op2Clone));

                            minMax = gtNewQmarkNode(callType, isOp2Number,
                                                    gtNewColonNode(callType, minMax, gtCloneExpr(op2Clone)));
                            minMax = gtNewQmarkNode(callType, isOp1Number,
                                                    gtNewColonNode(callType, minMax, gtCloneExpr(op1Clone)));
                        }

                        // Top-level QMARK needs to be in a variable
                        assert(minMax->OperIs(GT_QMARK));
                        unsigned tmpTop = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("Temp for top qmark in Math.Min/Max"));
                        impStoreToTemp(tmpTop, minMax, CHECK_SPILL_NONE);
                        minMax = gtNewLclvNode(tmpTop, callType);
                    }

                    retNode = minMax;
                }
#endif // TARGET_RISCV64
            }

            // TODO-CQ: Returning this as an intrinsic blocks inlining and is undesirable
            //     if (retNode != nullptr)
            //     {
            //         retNode = impMathIntrinsic(method, sig, callType, ni, tailCall, isSpecial);
            //     }
        }
    }

    if (mustExpand && (retNode == nullptr))
    {
        assert(!"Unhandled must expand intrinsic, throwing PlatformNotSupportedException");
        return impUnsupportedNamedIntrinsic(CORINFO_HELP_THROW_PLATFORM_NOT_SUPPORTED, method, sig, mustExpand);
    }

    // Optionally report if this intrinsic is special
    // (that is, potentially re-optimizable during morph).
    if (isSpecialIntrinsic != nullptr)
    {
        *isSpecialIntrinsic = isSpecial;
    }

    return retNode;
}

GenTree* Compiler::impSRCSUnsafeIntrinsic(NamedIntrinsic          intrinsic,
                                          CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE    clsHnd,
                                          CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE   method,
                                          CORINFO_SIG_INFO*       sig,
                                          CORINFO_RESOLVED_TOKEN* pResolvedToken)
{
    // NextCallRetAddr requires a CALL, so return nullptr.
    if (info.compHasNextCallRetAddr)
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    assert(sig->sigInst.classInstCount == 0);

    switch (intrinsic)
    {
        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Add:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // sizeof !!T
            // conv.i
            // mul
            // add
            // ret

            GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;
            impBashVarAddrsToI(op1, op2);

            op2 = impImplicitIorI4Cast(op2, TYP_I_IMPL);

            unsigned classSize = info.compCompHnd->getClassSize(sig->sigInst.methInst[0]);

            if (classSize != 1)
            {
                GenTree* size = gtNewIconNode(classSize, TYP_I_IMPL);
                op2           = gtNewOperNode(GT_MUL, TYP_I_IMPL, op2, size);
            }

            var_types type = impGetByRefResultType(GT_ADD, /* uns */ false, &op1, &op2);
            return gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, type, op1, op2);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_AddByteOffset:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // add
            // ret

            GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;
            impBashVarAddrsToI(op1, op2);

            var_types type = impGetByRefResultType(GT_ADD, /* uns */ false, &op1, &op2);
            return gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, type, op1, op2);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_AreSame:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // ceq
            // ret

            GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;

            GenTree* tmp = gtNewOperNode(GT_EQ, TYP_INT, op1, op2);
            return gtFoldExpr(tmp);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_As:
        {
            assert((sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1) || (sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 2));

            if (sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1)
            {
                CORINFO_SIG_INFO exactSig;
                info.compCompHnd->getMethodSig(pResolvedToken->hMethod, &exactSig);
                const CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE inst = exactSig.sigInst.methInst[0];
                assert(inst != nullptr);

                GenTree* op = impPopStack().val;
                assert(op->TypeIs(TYP_REF));

                JITDUMP("Expanding Unsafe.As<%s>(...)\n", eeGetClassName(inst));

                bool                 isExact, isNonNull;
                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE oldClass = gtGetClassHandle(op, &isExact, &isNonNull);
                if ((oldClass != NO_CLASS_HANDLE) &&
                    ((oldClass == inst) || !info.compCompHnd->isMoreSpecificType(oldClass, inst)))
                {
                    JITDUMP("Unsafe.As: Keep using old '%s' type\n", eeGetClassName(oldClass));
                    return op;
                }

                // In order to change the class handle of the object we need to spill it to a temp
                // and update class info for that temp.
                unsigned localNum = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("updating class info"));
                impStoreToTemp(localNum, op, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);

                // NOTE: we still can't say for sure that it is the exact type of the argument
                lvaSetClass(localNum, inst, /*isExact*/ false);
                return gtNewLclvNode(localNum, TYP_REF);
            }

            // ldarg.0
            // ret

            return impPopStack().val;
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_AsPointer:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // conv.u
            // ret

            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;
            impBashVarAddrsToI(op1);

            return gtNewCastNode(TYP_I_IMPL, op1, /* uns */ false, TYP_I_IMPL);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_AsRef:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ret

            return impPopStack().val;
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_BitCast:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 2);

            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE fromTypeHnd = sig->sigInst.methInst[0];
            ClassLayout*         fromLayout  = nullptr;
            var_types            fromType    = TypeHandleToVarType(fromTypeHnd, &fromLayout);

            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE toTypeHnd = sig->sigInst.methInst[1];
            ClassLayout*         toLayout  = nullptr;
            var_types            toType    = TypeHandleToVarType(toTypeHnd, &toLayout);

            if (fromType == TYP_REF || toType == TYP_REF)
            {
                // Fallback to the software implementation to throw for reference types
                return nullptr;
            }

            unsigned fromSize = fromLayout != nullptr ? fromLayout->GetSize() : genTypeSize(fromType);
            unsigned toSize   = toLayout != nullptr ? toLayout->GetSize() : genTypeSize(toType);

            // Runtime requires all types to be at least 1-byte
            assert((fromSize != 0) && (toSize != 0));

            if (fromSize != toSize)
            {
                // Fallback to the software implementation to throw when sizes don't match
                return nullptr;
            }

            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;

            op1 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(op1, fromType);
            op1 = impImplicitIorI4Cast(op1, fromType);

            var_types valType      = op1->gtType;
            GenTree*  effectiveVal = op1->gtEffectiveVal();
            if (effectiveVal->OperIs(GT_LCL_VAR))
            {
                valType = lvaGetDesc(effectiveVal->AsLclVar()->GetLclNum())->TypeGet();
            }

            // Handle matching handles, compatible struct layouts or integrals where we can simply return op1
            if (varTypeIsSmall(toType))
            {
                if (genActualTypeIsInt(valType))
                {
                    if (fgCastNeeded(op1, toType))
                    {
                        op1 = gtNewCastNode(TYP_INT, op1, false, toType);
                    }
                    return op1;
                }
            }
            else if (((toType != TYP_STRUCT) && (genActualType(valType) == toType)) ||
                     ClassLayout::AreCompatible(fromLayout, toLayout))
            {
                return op1;
            }

            // Handle bitcasting between floating and same sized integral, such as `float` to `int`
            if (varTypeIsFloating(fromType) && varTypeIsIntegral(toType))
            {
                if (op1->IsCnsFltOrDbl())
                {
                    if (fromType == TYP_DOUBLE)
                    {
                        double f64Cns = static_cast<double>(op1->AsDblCon()->DconValue());
                        return gtNewLconNode(static_cast<int64_t>(BitOperations::DoubleToUInt64Bits(f64Cns)));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        assert(fromType == TYP_FLOAT);
                        float f32Cns = FloatingPointUtils::convertToSingle(op1->AsDblCon()->DconValue());
                        return gtNewIconNode(static_cast<int32_t>(BitOperations::SingleToUInt32Bits(f32Cns)));
                    }
                }
                // TODO-CQ: We should support this on 32-bit via decomposition
                else if (TargetArchitecture::Is64Bit || (fromType == TYP_FLOAT))
                {
                    toType = varTypeToSigned(toType);
                    return gtNewBitCastNode(toType, op1);
                }
            }
            else if (varTypeIsIntegral(fromType) && varTypeIsFloating(toType))
            {
                if (op1->IsIntegralConst())
                {
                    if (toType == TYP_DOUBLE)
                    {
                        uint64_t u64Cns = static_cast<uint64_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->LngValue());
                        return gtNewDconNodeD(BitOperations::UInt64BitsToDouble(u64Cns));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        assert(toType == TYP_FLOAT);

                        uint32_t u32Cns = static_cast<uint32_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue());
                        return gtNewDconNodeF(BitOperations::UInt32BitsToSingle(u32Cns));
                    }
                }
                // TODO-CQ: We should support this on 32-bit via decomposition
                else if (TargetArchitecture::Is64Bit || (toType == TYP_FLOAT))
                {
                    return gtNewBitCastNode(toType, op1);
                }
            }

            GenTree*     addr;
            GenTreeFlags indirFlags = GTF_EMPTY;
            if (varTypeIsIntegral(valType) && (genTypeSize(valType) < fromSize))
            {
                unsigned lclNum = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("bitcast small type extension"));
                impStoreToTemp(lclNum, op1, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);
                addr = gtNewLclVarAddrNode(lclNum, TYP_I_IMPL);
            }
            else
            {
                addr = impGetNodeAddr(op1, CHECK_SPILL_ALL, GTF_IND_MUST_PRESERVE_FLAGS, &indirFlags);
            }

            if (info.compCompHnd->getClassAlignmentRequirement(fromTypeHnd) <
                info.compCompHnd->getClassAlignmentRequirement(toTypeHnd))
            {
                indirFlags |= GTF_IND_UNALIGNED;
            }

            return gtNewLoadValueNode(toType, toLayout, addr, indirFlags);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_ByteOffset:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.1
            // ldarg.0
            // sub
            // ret

            impSpillSideEffect(true,
                               stackState.esStackDepth - 2 DEBUGARG("Spilling op1 side effects for Unsafe.ByteOffset"));

            GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;
            impBashVarAddrsToI(op1, op2);

            return gtNewOperNode(GT_SUB, TYP_I_IMPL, op2, op1);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Copy:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // ldobj !!T
            // stobj !!T
            // ret

            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE typeHnd = sig->sigInst.methInst[0];
            ClassLayout*         layout  = nullptr;
            var_types            type    = TypeHandleToVarType(typeHnd, &layout);

            GenTree* source = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* dest   = impPopStack().val;

            return gtNewStoreValueNode(type, layout, dest, gtNewLoadValueNode(type, layout, source));
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_CopyBlock:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 0);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // ldarg.2
            // cpblk
            // ret

            return nullptr;
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_CopyBlockUnaligned:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 0);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // ldarg.2
            // unaligned. 0x1
            // cpblk
            // ret

            return nullptr;
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_InitBlock:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 0);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // ldarg.2
            // initblk
            // ret

            return nullptr;
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_InitBlockUnaligned:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 0);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // ldarg.2
            // unaligned. 0x1
            // initblk
            // ret

            return nullptr;
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_IsAddressGreaterThan:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // cgt.un
            // ret

            GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;

            GenTree* tmp = gtNewOperNode(GT_GT, TYP_INT, op1, op2);
            tmp->SetUnsigned();
            return gtFoldExpr(tmp);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_IsAddressGreaterThanOrEqualTo:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // clt.un
            // ldc.i4.0
            // ceq
            // ret

            GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;

            GenTree* tmp = gtNewOperNode(GT_GE, TYP_INT, op1, op2);
            tmp->SetUnsigned();
            return gtFoldExpr(tmp);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_IsAddressLessThan:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // clt.un
            // ret

            GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;

            GenTree* tmp = gtNewOperNode(GT_LT, TYP_INT, op1, op2);
            tmp->SetUnsigned();
            return gtFoldExpr(tmp);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_IsAddressLessThanOrEqualTo:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // cgt.un
            // ldc.i4.0
            // ceq
            // ret

            GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;

            GenTree* tmp = gtNewOperNode(GT_LE, TYP_INT, op1, op2);
            tmp->SetUnsigned();
            return gtFoldExpr(tmp);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_IsNullRef:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldc.i4.0
            // conv.u
            // ceq
            // ret

            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* cns = gtNewIconNode(0, TYP_BYREF);
            GenTree* tmp = gtNewOperNode(GT_EQ, TYP_INT, op1, cns);
            return gtFoldExpr(tmp);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_NullRef:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldc.i4.0
            // conv.u
            // ret

            return gtNewIconNode(0, TYP_BYREF);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Read:
        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_ReadUnaligned:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // if NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_ReadUnaligned: unaligned. 0x1
            // ldobj !!T
            // ret

            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE typeHnd = sig->sigInst.methInst[0];
            ClassLayout*         layout  = nullptr;
            var_types            type    = TypeHandleToVarType(typeHnd, &layout);
            GenTreeFlags         flags   = intrinsic == NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_ReadUnaligned ? GTF_IND_UNALIGNED : GTF_EMPTY;

            return gtNewLoadValueNode(type, layout, impPopStack().val, flags);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_SizeOf:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // sizeof !!T
            // ret

            unsigned classSize = info.compCompHnd->getClassSize(sig->sigInst.methInst[0]);
            return gtNewIconNode(classSize, TYP_INT);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_SkipInit:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ret

            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;

            if ((op1->gtFlags & GTF_SIDE_EFFECT) != 0)
            {
                return gtUnusedValNode(op1);
            }
            else
            {
                return gtNewNothingNode();
            }
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Subtract:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // sizeof !!T
            // conv.i
            // mul
            // sub
            // ret

            GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;
            impBashVarAddrsToI(op1, op2);

            op2 = impImplicitIorI4Cast(op2, TYP_I_IMPL);

            unsigned classSize = info.compCompHnd->getClassSize(sig->sigInst.methInst[0]);

            if (classSize != 1)
            {
                GenTree* size = gtNewIconNode(classSize, TYP_I_IMPL);
                op2           = gtNewOperNode(GT_MUL, TYP_I_IMPL, op2, size);
            }

            var_types type = impGetByRefResultType(GT_SUB, /* uns */ false, &op1, &op2);
            return gtNewOperNode(GT_SUB, type, op1, op2);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_SubtractByteOffset:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // sub
            // ret

            GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;
            impBashVarAddrsToI(op1, op2);

            var_types type = impGetByRefResultType(GT_SUB, /* uns */ false, &op1, &op2);
            return gtNewOperNode(GT_SUB, type, op1, op2);
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Unbox:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // unbox !!T
            // ret

            return nullptr;
        }

        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Write:
        case NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_WriteUnaligned:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);

            // ldarg.0
            // ldarg.1
            // if NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_WriteUnaligned: unaligned. 0x01
            // stobj !!T
            // ret

            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE typeHnd = sig->sigInst.methInst[0];
            ClassLayout*         layout  = nullptr;
            var_types            type    = TypeHandleToVarType(typeHnd, &layout);
            GenTreeFlags         flags   = intrinsic == NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_WriteUnaligned ? GTF_IND_UNALIGNED : GTF_EMPTY;

            GenTree* value = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* addr  = impPopStack().val;

            GenTree* store = gtNewStoreValueNode(type, layout, addr, value, flags);
            if (varTypeIsStruct(store))
            {
                store = impStoreStruct(store, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);
            }
            return store;
        }

        default:
        {
            unreached();
        }
    }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impPrimitiveNamedIntrinsic: import a NamedIntrinsic representing a primitive operation
//
// Arguments:
//    intrinsic - the intrinsic being imported
//    clsHnd    - handle for the intrinsic method's class
//    method    - handle for the intrinsic method
//    sig       - signature of the intrinsic method
//   mustExpand    - true if the intrinsic must return a GenTree*; otherwise, false
//
// Returns:
//    IR tree to use in place of the call, or nullptr if the jit should treat
//    the intrinsic call like a normal call.
//
GenTree* Compiler::impPrimitiveNamedIntrinsic(NamedIntrinsic        intrinsic,
                                              CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE  clsHnd,
                                              CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE method,
                                              CORINFO_SIG_INFO*     sig,
                                              bool                  mustExpand)
{
    assert(sig->sigInst.classInstCount == 0);

    var_types retType = JITtype2varType(sig->retType);

    if (!varTypeIsArithmetic(retType))
    {
        assert((intrinsic == NI_PRIMITIVE_ConvertToInteger) || (intrinsic == NI_PRIMITIVE_ConvertToIntegerNative));
        return nullptr;
    }

    NamedIntrinsic hwintrinsic = NI_Illegal;

    CORINFO_ARG_LIST_HANDLE args = sig->args;
    assert((sig->numArgs == 1) || (sig->numArgs == 2));

    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE op1ClsHnd;
    CorInfoType          baseJitType = strip(info.compCompHnd->getArgType(sig, args, &op1ClsHnd));
    var_types            baseType    = JITtype2varType(baseJitType);

    GenTree* result = nullptr;

    switch (intrinsic)
    {
        case NI_PRIMITIVE_ConvertToIntegerNative:
        {
            if (BlockNonDeterministicIntrinsics(mustExpand))
            {
                return nullptr;
            }
            FALLTHROUGH;
        }

        case NI_PRIMITIVE_ConvertToInteger:
        {
            assert(sig->sigInst.methInstCount == 1);
            assert(varTypeIsFloating(baseType));

            var_types tgtType = JitType2PreciseVarType(sig->retType);
            retType           = genActualType(retType);
            bool uns          = varTypeIsUnsigned(tgtType) && !varTypeIsSmall(tgtType);

            GenTree* res = nullptr;
            GenTree* op1 = nullptr;

#if defined(TARGET_XARCH) && defined(FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS)
            if (intrinsic == NI_PRIMITIVE_ConvertToIntegerNative)
            {
                NamedIntrinsic hwIntrinsicId = NI_Illegal;

                if (retType == TYP_INT)
                {
                    if (baseType == TYP_FLOAT)
                    {
                        if (!uns)
                        {
                            hwIntrinsicId = NI_X86Base_ConvertToInt32WithTruncation;
                        }
                        else if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AVX512))
                        {
                            hwIntrinsicId = NI_AVX512_ConvertToUInt32WithTruncation;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        assert(baseType == TYP_DOUBLE);

                        if (!uns)
                        {
                            hwIntrinsicId = NI_X86Base_ConvertToInt32WithTruncation;
                        }
                        else if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AVX512))
                        {
                            hwIntrinsicId = NI_AVX512_ConvertToUInt32WithTruncation;
                        }
                    }
                }
#if defined(TARGET_AMD64)
                else
                {
                    assert(retType == TYP_LONG);

                    if (baseType == TYP_FLOAT)
                    {
                        if (!uns)
                        {
                            hwIntrinsicId = NI_X86Base_X64_ConvertToInt64WithTruncation;
                        }
                        else if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AVX512))
                        {
                            hwIntrinsicId = NI_AVX512_X64_ConvertToUInt64WithTruncation;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        assert(baseType == TYP_DOUBLE);

                        if (!uns)
                        {
                            hwIntrinsicId = NI_X86Base_X64_ConvertToInt64WithTruncation;
                        }
                        else if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AVX512))
                        {
                            hwIntrinsicId = NI_AVX512_X64_ConvertToUInt64WithTruncation;
                        }
                    }
                }
#endif // TARGET_AMD64

                if (hwIntrinsicId != NI_Illegal)
                {
                    op1 = impPopStack().val;
                    res =
                        gtNewSimdHWIntrinsicNode(retType, op1, hwIntrinsicId, JitType2PreciseVarType(baseJitType), 16);

                    if (varTypeIsSmall(tgtType))
                    {
                        res = gtNewCastNode(TYP_INT, res, /* uns */ false, tgtType);
                    }
                    return res;
                }
            }
#endif // TARGET_XARCH && FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

            op1 = impPopStack().val;

            if (varTypeIsSmall(tgtType))
            {
                res = gtNewCastNodeL(retType, op1, /* uns */ false, retType);
                res = gtFoldExpr(res);
                res = gtNewCastNode(TYP_INT, res, /* uns */ false, tgtType);
            }
            else
            {
                res = gtNewCastNodeL(retType, op1, /* uns */ false, tgtType);
            }

            return gtFoldExpr(res);
        }

        case NI_PRIMITIVE_Crc32C:
        {
            assert(sig->numArgs == 2);
            assert(retType == TYP_INT);

            // Crc32 needs the base type from op2

            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE op2ClsHnd;
            args = info.compCompHnd->getArgNext(args);

            baseJitType = strip(info.compCompHnd->getArgType(sig, args, &op2ClsHnd));
            baseType    = JITtype2varType(baseJitType);

#if !defined(TARGET_64BIT)
            if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
            {
                // TODO-CQ: Adding long decomposition support is more complex
                // and not supported today so early exit if we have a long and
                // either input is not a constant.

                break;
            }
#endif // !TARGET_64BIT

#if defined(FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS)
#if defined(TARGET_XARCH)
            GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
            GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;

            if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
            {
                hwintrinsic = NI_X86Base_X64_Crc32;
                op1         = gtFoldExpr(gtNewCastNode(baseType, op1, /* unsigned */ true, baseType));
            }
            else
            {
                hwintrinsic = NI_X86Base_Crc32;
                baseType    = genActualType(baseType);
            }

            result = gtNewScalarHWIntrinsicNode(baseType, op1, op2, hwintrinsic);

            // We use the simdBaseJitType to bring the type of the second argument to codegen
            result->AsHWIntrinsic()->SetSimdBaseType(JitType2PreciseVarType(baseJitType));
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM64)
            if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_Crc32))
            {
                GenTree* op2 = impPopStack().val;
                GenTree* op1 = impPopStack().val;

                hwintrinsic = varTypeIsLong(baseType) ? NI_Crc32_Arm64_ComputeCrc32C : NI_Crc32_ComputeCrc32C;
                result      = gtNewScalarHWIntrinsicNode(TYP_INT, op1, op2, hwintrinsic);
                baseType    = TYP_INT;

                // We use the simdBaseJitType to bring the type of the second argument to codegen
                result->AsHWIntrinsic()->SetSimdBaseType(JitType2PreciseVarType(baseJitType));
            }
#endif // TARGET_*
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

            break;
        }

        case NI_PRIMITIVE_LeadingZeroCount:
        {
            assert(sig->numArgs == 1);
            assert(!varTypeIsSmall(retType) && !varTypeIsSmall(baseType));

            GenTree* op1 = impStackTop().val;

            if (op1->IsIntegralConst())
            {
                // Pop the value from the stack
                impPopStack();

                if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
                {
                    uint64_t cns = static_cast<uint64_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->LngValue());
                    result       = gtNewLconNode(BitOperations::LeadingZeroCount(cns));
                }
                else
                {
                    uint32_t cns = static_cast<uint32_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue());
                    result       = gtNewIconNode(BitOperations::LeadingZeroCount(cns), baseType);
                }
                break;
            }

#if !defined(TARGET_64BIT) && !defined(TARGET_WASM)
            if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
            {
                // TODO-CQ: Adding long decomposition support is more complex
                // and not supported today so early exit if we have a long and
                // either input is not a constant.

                break;
            }
#endif // !defined(TARGET_64BIT) && !defined(TARGET_WASM)

#if defined(TARGET_RISCV64)
            if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_Zbb))
            {
                impPopStack();
                result = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC) GenTreeIntrinsic(retType, op1, NI_PRIMITIVE_LeadingZeroCount,
                                                                   nullptr R2RARG(CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP{IAT_VALUE}));
            }
#elif defined(TARGET_WASM)
            impPopStack();
            result = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC) GenTreeIntrinsic(retType, op1, NI_PRIMITIVE_LeadingZeroCount,
                                                               nullptr R2RARG(CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP{IAT_VALUE}));
#elif defined(FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS)
#if defined(TARGET_XARCH)
            if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AVX2))
            {
                // Pop the value from the stack
                impPopStack();

                hwintrinsic = varTypeIsLong(baseType) ? NI_AVX2_X64_LeadingZeroCount : NI_AVX2_LeadingZeroCount;
                result      = gtNewScalarHWIntrinsicNode(baseType, op1, hwintrinsic);
            }
            else
            {
                // Pop the value from the stack
                impPopStack();

                // We're importing this as the following...
                // * 32-bit lzcnt: (value == 0) ? 32 : (31 ^ BSR(value))
                // * 64-bit lzcnt: (value == 0) ? 64 : (63 ^ BSR(value))

                GenTree* op1Dup;
                op1 = impCloneExpr(op1, &op1Dup, CHECK_SPILL_ALL, nullptr DEBUGARG("Cloning op1 for LeadingZeroCount"));

                hwintrinsic = varTypeIsLong(baseType) ? NI_X86Base_X64_BitScanReverse : NI_X86Base_BitScanReverse;
                op1Dup      = gtNewScalarHWIntrinsicNode(baseType, op1Dup, hwintrinsic);

                GenTree* cond = gtFoldExpr(gtNewOperNode(GT_EQ, TYP_INT, op1, gtNewZeroConNode(baseType)));

                GenTree* trueRes;
                GenTree* icon;

                if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
                {
                    trueRes = gtNewLconNode(64);
                    icon    = gtNewLconNode(63);
                }
                else
                {
                    trueRes = gtNewIconNode(32, baseType);
                    icon    = gtNewIconNode(31, baseType);
                }

                GenTree*      falseRes = gtNewOperNode(GT_XOR, baseType, op1Dup, icon);
                GenTreeColon* colon    = gtNewColonNode(baseType, trueRes, falseRes);

                result = gtNewQmarkNode(baseType, cond, colon);

                unsigned tmp = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("Grabbing temp for LeadingZeroCount Qmark"));
                impStoreToTemp(tmp, result, CHECK_SPILL_NONE);
                result = gtNewLclvNode(tmp, baseType);
            }
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM64)
            // Pop the value from the stack
            impPopStack();

            hwintrinsic = varTypeIsLong(baseType) ? NI_ArmBase_Arm64_LeadingZeroCount : NI_ArmBase_LeadingZeroCount;
            result      = gtNewScalarHWIntrinsicNode(TYP_INT, op1, hwintrinsic);
            baseType    = TYP_INT;
#endif // TARGET_*
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

            break;
        }

        case NI_PRIMITIVE_Log2:
        {
            assert(sig->numArgs == 1);
            assert(!varTypeIsSmall(retType) && !varTypeIsSmall(baseType));

            GenTree* op1 = impStackTop().val;

            if (op1->IsIntegralConst())
            {
                // Pop the value from the stack
                impPopStack();

                if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
                {
                    uint64_t cns = static_cast<uint64_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->LngValue());

                    if (varTypeIsUnsigned(JitType2PreciseVarType(baseJitType)) || (static_cast<int64_t>(cns) >= 0))
                    {
                        result = gtNewLconNode(BitOperations::Log2(cns));
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    uint32_t cns = static_cast<uint32_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue());

                    if (varTypeIsUnsigned(JitType2PreciseVarType(baseJitType)) || (static_cast<int32_t>(cns) >= 0))
                    {
                        result = gtNewIconNode(BitOperations::Log2(cns), baseType);
                    }
                }
                break;
            }

#if !defined(TARGET_64BIT)
            if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
            {
                // TODO-CQ: Adding long decomposition support is more complex
                // and not supported today so early exit if we have a long and
                // either input is not a constant.

                break;
            }
#endif // !TARGET_64BIT

            if (varTypeIsSigned(baseType))
            {
                // TODO-CQ: We should insert the `if (value < 0) { throw }` handling
                break;
            }

#if defined(FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS)
            GenTree* lzcnt = impPrimitiveNamedIntrinsic(NI_PRIMITIVE_LeadingZeroCount, clsHnd, method, sig, mustExpand);

            if (lzcnt != nullptr)
            {
                GenTree* icon;

                if (varTypeIsLong(retType))
                {
                    icon = gtNewLconNode(63);
                }
                else
                {
                    icon = gtNewIconNode(31, retType);
                }

                result   = gtNewOperNode(GT_XOR, retType, lzcnt, icon);
                baseType = retType;
            }
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

            break;
        }

        case NI_PRIMITIVE_PopCount:
        {
            assert(sig->numArgs == 1);
            assert(!varTypeIsSmall(retType) && !varTypeIsSmall(baseType));

            GenTree* op1 = impStackTop().val;

            if (op1->IsIntegralConst())
            {
                // Pop the value from the stack
                impPopStack();

                if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
                {
                    uint64_t cns = static_cast<uint64_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->LngValue());
                    result       = gtNewLconNode(BitOperations::PopCount(cns));
                }
                else
                {
                    uint32_t cns = static_cast<uint32_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue());
                    result       = gtNewIconNode(BitOperations::PopCount(cns), baseType);
                }
                break;
            }

#if !defined(TARGET_64BIT) && !defined(TARGET_WASM)
            if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
            {
                // TODO-CQ: Adding long decomposition support is more complex
                // and not supported today so early exit if we have a long and
                // either input is not a constant.

                break;
            }
#endif // !TARGET_64BIT

#if defined(TARGET_RISCV64)
            if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_Zbb))
            {
                impPopStack();
                result = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC) GenTreeIntrinsic(retType, op1, NI_PRIMITIVE_PopCount,
                                                                   nullptr R2RARG(CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP{IAT_VALUE}));
            }
#elif defined(TARGET_WASM)
            impPopStack();
            result = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC)
                GenTreeIntrinsic(retType, op1, NI_PRIMITIVE_PopCount, nullptr R2RARG(CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP{IAT_VALUE}));
#elif defined(FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS)
#if defined(TARGET_XARCH)
            // Pop the value from the stack
            impPopStack();

            hwintrinsic = varTypeIsLong(baseType) ? NI_X86Base_X64_PopCount : NI_X86Base_PopCount;
            result      = gtNewScalarHWIntrinsicNode(baseType, op1, hwintrinsic);
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM64)
            // TODO-ARM64-CQ: PopCount should be handled as an intrinsic for non-constant cases
#endif // TARGET_*
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

            break;
        }

        case NI_PRIMITIVE_RotateLeft:
        {
            assert(sig->numArgs == 2);
            assert(!varTypeIsSmall(retType) && !varTypeIsSmall(baseType));

            GenTree* op2 = impStackTop().val;

            if (!op2->IsIntegralConst())
            {
                // TODO-CQ: ROL currently expects op2 to be a constant
                break;
            }

            // Pop the value from the stack
            impPopStack();

            GenTree* op1  = impPopStack().val;
            uint32_t cns2 = static_cast<uint32_t>(op2->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue());

            // Mask the offset to ensure deterministic xplat behavior for overshifting
            cns2 &= varTypeIsLong(baseType) ? 0x3F : 0x1F;

            if (cns2 == 0)
            {
                // No rotation is a nop
                return op1;
            }

            if (op1->IsIntegralConst())
            {
                if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
                {
                    uint64_t cns1 = static_cast<uint64_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->LngValue());
                    result        = gtNewLconNode(BitOperations::RotateLeft(cns1, cns2));
                }
                else
                {
                    uint32_t cns1 = static_cast<uint32_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue());
                    result        = gtNewIconNode(BitOperations::RotateLeft(cns1, cns2), baseType);
                }
                break;
            }

            op2->AsIntConCommon()->SetIconValue(cns2);
            result = gtFoldExpr(gtNewOperNode(GT_ROL, baseType, op1, op2));

            break;
        }

        case NI_PRIMITIVE_RotateRight:
        {
            assert(sig->numArgs == 2);
            assert(!varTypeIsSmall(retType) && !varTypeIsSmall(baseType));

            GenTree* op2 = impStackTop().val;

            if (!op2->IsIntegralConst())
            {
                // TODO-CQ: ROR currently expects op2 to be a constant
                break;
            }

            // Pop the value from the stack
            impPopStack();

            GenTree* op1  = impPopStack().val;
            uint32_t cns2 = static_cast<uint32_t>(op2->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue());

            // Mask the offset to ensure deterministic xplat behavior for overshifting
            cns2 &= varTypeIsLong(baseType) ? 0x3F : 0x1F;

            if (cns2 == 0)
            {
                // No rotation is a nop
                return op1;
            }

            if (op1->IsIntegralConst())
            {
                if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
                {
                    uint64_t cns1 = static_cast<uint64_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->LngValue());
                    result        = gtNewLconNode(BitOperations::RotateRight(cns1, cns2));
                }
                else
                {
                    uint32_t cns1 = static_cast<uint32_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue());
                    result        = gtNewIconNode(BitOperations::RotateRight(cns1, cns2), baseType);
                }
                break;
            }

            op2->AsIntConCommon()->SetIconValue(cns2);
            result = gtFoldExpr(gtNewOperNode(GT_ROR, baseType, op1, op2));

            break;
        }

        case NI_PRIMITIVE_TrailingZeroCount:
        {
            assert(sig->numArgs == 1);
            assert(!varTypeIsSmall(baseType));

            GenTree* op1 = impStackTop().val;

            if (op1->IsIntegralConst())
            {
                // Pop the value from the stack
                impPopStack();

                if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
                {
                    uint64_t cns = static_cast<uint64_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->LngValue());
                    result       = gtNewLconNode(BitOperations::TrailingZeroCount(cns));
                }
                else
                {
                    uint32_t cns = static_cast<uint32_t>(op1->AsIntConCommon()->IconValue());
                    result       = gtNewIconNode(BitOperations::TrailingZeroCount(cns), baseType);
                }

                baseType = retType;
                break;
            }

#if !defined(TARGET_64BIT) && !defined(TARGET_WASM)
            if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
            {
                // TODO-CQ: Adding long decomposition support is more complex
                // and not supported today so early exit if we have a long and
                // either input is not a constant.

                break;
            }
#endif // !defined(TARGET_64BIT) && !defined(TARGET_WASM)

#if defined(TARGET_RISCV64)
            if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_Zbb))
            {
                impPopStack();
                result = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC) GenTreeIntrinsic(retType, op1, NI_PRIMITIVE_TrailingZeroCount,
                                                                   nullptr R2RARG(CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP{IAT_VALUE}));
            }
#elif defined(TARGET_WASM)
            impPopStack();
            result = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC) GenTreeIntrinsic(retType, op1, NI_PRIMITIVE_TrailingZeroCount,
                                                               nullptr R2RARG(CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP{IAT_VALUE}));
#elif defined(FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS)
#if defined(TARGET_XARCH)
            if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AVX2))
            {
                // Pop the value from the stack
                impPopStack();

                hwintrinsic = varTypeIsLong(baseType) ? NI_AVX2_X64_TrailingZeroCount : NI_AVX2_TrailingZeroCount;
                result      = gtNewScalarHWIntrinsicNode(baseType, op1, hwintrinsic);
            }
            else
            {
                // Pop the value from the stack
                impPopStack();

                // We're importing this as the following...
                // * 32-bit tzcnt: (value == 0) ? 32 : BSF(value)
                // * 64-bit tzcnt: (value == 0) ? 64 : BSF(value)

                GenTree* op1Dup;
                op1 =
                    impCloneExpr(op1, &op1Dup, CHECK_SPILL_ALL, nullptr DEBUGARG("Cloning op1 for TrailingZeroCount"));

                hwintrinsic = varTypeIsLong(baseType) ? NI_X86Base_X64_BitScanForward : NI_X86Base_BitScanForward;
                op1Dup      = gtNewScalarHWIntrinsicNode(baseType, op1Dup, hwintrinsic);

                GenTree* cond = gtFoldExpr(gtNewOperNode(GT_EQ, TYP_INT, op1, gtNewZeroConNode(baseType)));

                GenTree* trueRes;

                if (varTypeIsLong(baseType))
                {
                    trueRes = gtNewLconNode(64);
                }
                else
                {
                    trueRes = gtNewIconNode(32, baseType);
                }

                GenTree*      falseRes = op1Dup;
                GenTreeColon* colon    = gtNewColonNode(baseType, trueRes, falseRes);

                result = gtNewQmarkNode(baseType, cond, colon);

                unsigned tmp = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("Grabbing temp for TrailingZeroCount Qmark"));
                impStoreToTemp(tmp, result, CHECK_SPILL_NONE);
                result = gtNewLclvNode(tmp, baseType);
            }
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM64)
            // Pop the value from the stack
            impPopStack();

            hwintrinsic = varTypeIsLong(baseType) ? NI_ArmBase_Arm64_ReverseElementBits : NI_ArmBase_ReverseElementBits;
            op1         = gtNewScalarHWIntrinsicNode(baseType, op1, hwintrinsic);

            hwintrinsic = varTypeIsLong(baseType) ? NI_ArmBase_Arm64_LeadingZeroCount : NI_ArmBase_LeadingZeroCount;
            result      = gtNewScalarHWIntrinsicNode(TYP_INT, op1, hwintrinsic);
            baseType    = TYP_INT;
#endif // TARGET_*
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

            break;
        }

        default:
        {
            unreached();
        }
    }

    if ((result != nullptr) && (retType != baseType))
    {
        // We're either LONG->INT or INT->LONG
        assert(!varTypeIsSmall(retType) && !varTypeIsSmall(baseType));
        result = gtFoldExpr(gtNewCastNode(retType, result, /* unsigned */ true, retType));
    }

    return result;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impPopCallArgs:
//   Pop the given number of values from the stack and return a list node with
//   their values.
//
// Parameters:
//   sig     - Signature used to figure out classes the runtime must load, and
//             also to record exact receiving argument types that may be needed for ABI
//             purposes later.
//   call    - The call to pop arguments into.
//
void Compiler::impPopCallArgs(CORINFO_SIG_INFO* sig, GenTreeCall* call)
{
    assert(call->gtArgs.IsEmpty());

    if (impStackHeight() < sig->numArgs)
    {
        BADCODE("not enough arguments for call");
    }

    struct SigParamInfo
    {
        CorInfoType          CorType;
        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE ClassHandle;
    };

    SigParamInfo  inlineParams[16];
    SigParamInfo* params = sig->numArgs <= 16 ? inlineParams : new (this, CMK_CallArgs) SigParamInfo[sig->numArgs];

    // We will iterate and pop the args in reverse order as we sometimes need
    // to spill some args. However, we need signature information and the
    // JIT-EE interface only allows us to iterate the signature forwards. We
    // will collect the needed information here and at the same time notify the
    // EE that the signature types need to be loaded.
    CORINFO_ARG_LIST_HANDLE sigArg = sig->args;
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < sig->numArgs; i++)
    {
        params[i].CorType = strip(info.compCompHnd->getArgType(sig, sigArg, &params[i].ClassHandle));

        if (params[i].CorType != CORINFO_TYPE_CLASS && params[i].CorType != CORINFO_TYPE_BYREF &&
            params[i].CorType != CORINFO_TYPE_PTR && params[i].CorType != CORINFO_TYPE_VAR)
        {
            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE argRealClass = info.compCompHnd->getArgClass(sig, sigArg);
            if (argRealClass != nullptr)
            {
                // Make sure that all valuetypes (including enums) that we push are loaded.
                // This is to guarantee that if a GC is triggered from the prestub of this methods,
                // all valuetypes in the method signature are already loaded.
                // We need to be able to find the size of the valuetypes, but we cannot
                // do a class-load from within GC.
                info.compCompHnd->classMustBeLoadedBeforeCodeIsRun(argRealClass);
            }
        }

        sigArg = info.compCompHnd->getArgNext(sigArg);
    }

    if ((sig->retTypeSigClass != nullptr) && (sig->retType != CORINFO_TYPE_CLASS) &&
        (sig->retType != CORINFO_TYPE_BYREF) && (sig->retType != CORINFO_TYPE_PTR) &&
        (sig->retType != CORINFO_TYPE_VAR))
    {
        // Make sure that all valuetypes (including enums) that we push are loaded.
        // This is to guarantee that if a GC is triggered from the prestub of this methods,
        // all valuetypes in the method signature are already loaded.
        // We need to be able to find the size of the valuetypes, but we cannot
        // do a class-load from within GC.
        info.compCompHnd->classMustBeLoadedBeforeCodeIsRun(sig->retTypeSigClass);
    }

    // Now create the arguments in reverse.
    for (unsigned i = sig->numArgs; i > 0; i--)
    {
        StackEntry se      = impPopStack();
        typeInfo   ti      = se.seTypeInfo;
        GenTree*   argNode = se.val;

        var_types            jitSigType = JITtype2varType(params[i - 1].CorType);
        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE classHnd   = params[i - 1].ClassHandle;

        if (!impCheckImplicitArgumentCoercion(jitSigType, argNode->TypeGet()))
        {
            BADCODE("the call argument has a type that can't be implicitly converted to the signature type");
        }

        if (varTypeIsStruct(argNode))
        {
            JITDUMP("Calling impNormStructVal on:\n");
            DISPTREE(argNode);

            argNode = impNormStructVal(argNode, CHECK_SPILL_ALL);
            // For SIMD types the normalization can normalize TYP_STRUCT to
            // e.g. TYP_SIMD16 which we keep (along with the class handle) in
            // the CallArgs.
            jitSigType = argNode->TypeGet();

            JITDUMP("resulting tree:\n");
            DISPTREE(argNode);
        }
        else
        {
            // Insert implied casts (from float to double or double to float).
            argNode = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(argNode, jitSigType);
            // insert any widening or narrowing casts for backwards compatibility
            argNode = impImplicitIorI4Cast(argNode, jitSigType);

            if ((compAppleArm64Abi() || TargetArchitecture::IsArm32) && call->IsUnmanaged() &&
                varTypeIsSmall(jitSigType))
            {
                // Apple arm64 and arm32 ABIs require arguments to be zero/sign
                // extended up to 32 bit. The managed ABI does not require
                // this.
                if (fgCastNeeded(argNode, jitSigType))
                {
                    argNode = gtNewCastNode(TYP_INT, argNode, false, jitSigType);
                }
            }
        }

        NewCallArg arg;
        if (varTypeIsStruct(jitSigType))
        {
            arg = NewCallArg::Struct(argNode, jitSigType, typGetObjLayout(classHnd));
        }
        else
        {
            arg = NewCallArg::Primitive(argNode, jitSigType);

            if (i == 1 && (sig->callConv & CORINFO_CALLCONV_EXPLICITTHIS))
            {
                arg = arg.WellKnown(WellKnownArg::ThisPointer);
            }
        }

        call->gtArgs.PushFront(this, arg);
        call->gtFlags |= argNode->gtFlags & GTF_GLOB_EFFECT;
    }
}

/*****************************************************************************
 *
 *  Pop the given number of values from the stack in reverse order (STDCALL/CDECL etc.)
 *  The first "skipReverseCount" items are not reversed.
 */

void Compiler::impPopReverseCallArgs(CORINFO_SIG_INFO* sig, GenTreeCall* call, unsigned skipReverseCount)
{
    assert(skipReverseCount <= sig->numArgs);

    impPopCallArgs(sig, call);

    call->gtArgs.Reverse(skipReverseCount, sig->numArgs - skipReverseCount);
}

GenTree* Compiler::impTransformThis(GenTree*                thisPtr,
                                    CORINFO_RESOLVED_TOKEN* pConstrainedResolvedToken,
                                    CORINFO_THIS_TRANSFORM  transform)
{
    switch (transform)
    {
        case CORINFO_DEREF_THIS:
        {
            GenTree* obj = thisPtr;

            // This does a LDIND on the obj, which should be a byref. pointing to a ref
            impBashVarAddrsToI(obj);
            assert(genActualType(obj->gtType) == TYP_I_IMPL || obj->TypeIs(TYP_BYREF));
            CorInfoType constraintTyp = info.compCompHnd->asCorInfoType(pConstrainedResolvedToken->hClass);

            obj = gtNewLoadValueNode(JITtype2varType(constraintTyp), nullptr, obj);
            return obj;
        }

        case CORINFO_BOX_THIS:
        {
            // Constraint calls where there might be no
            // unboxed entry point require us to implement the call via helper.
            // These only occur when a possible target of the call
            // may have inherited an implementation of an interface
            // method from System.Object or System.ValueType.  The EE does not provide us with
            // "unboxed" versions of these methods.

            GenTree* obj = thisPtr;

            assert(obj->TypeIs(TYP_BYREF, TYP_I_IMPL));
            ClassLayout* layout;
            var_types    objType = TypeHandleToVarType(pConstrainedResolvedToken->hClass, &layout);
            obj                  = (objType == TYP_STRUCT) ? gtNewBlkIndir(layout, obj) : gtNewIndir(objType, obj);

            // This pushes on the dereferenced byref
            // This is then used immediately to box.
            impPushOnStack(obj, makeTypeInfo(pConstrainedResolvedToken->hClass));

            // This pops off the byref-to-a-value-type remaining on the stack and
            // replaces it with a boxed object.
            // This is then used as the object to the virtual call immediately below.
            impImportAndPushBox(pConstrainedResolvedToken);
            if (compDonotInline())
            {
                return nullptr;
            }

            obj = impPopStack().val;
            return obj;
        }
        case CORINFO_NO_THIS_TRANSFORM:
        default:
            return thisPtr;
    }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impCanPInvokeInline: check whether PInvoke inlining should enabled in current method.
//
// Return Value:
//    true if PInvoke inlining should be enabled in current method, false otherwise
//
// Notes:
//    Checks a number of ambient conditions where we could pinvoke but choose not to

bool Compiler::impCanPInvokeInline()
{
    return getInlinePInvokeEnabled() && (!opts.compDbgCode) && (compCodeOpt() != SMALL_CODE) &&
           (!opts.compNoPInvokeInlineCB) // profiler is preventing inline pinvoke
        ;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impCanPInvokeInlineCallSite: basic legality checks using information
// from a call to see if the call qualifies as an inline pinvoke.
//
// Arguments:
//    block      - block containing the call
//
// Return Value:
//    true if this call can legally qualify as an inline pinvoke, false otherwise
//
// Notes:
//    For runtimes that support exception handling interop there are
//    restrictions on using inline pinvoke in handler regions.
//
//    * We have to disable pinvoke inlining inside of filters because
//    in case the main execution (i.e. in the try block) is inside
//    unmanaged code, we cannot reuse the inlined stub (we still need
//    the original state until we are in the catch handler)
//
//    TODO-CQ: The inlining frame no longer has a GSCookie, so the common on this
//             restriction is out of date. However, given that there is a comment
//             about protecting the framelet, I'm not confident about what this
//             is actually protecting, so I don't want to remove this
//             restriction without further analysis analysis.
//    * We disable pinvoke inlining inside handlers since the GSCookie
//    is in the inlined Frame (see
//    CORINFO_EE_INFO::InlinedCallFrameInfo::offsetOfGSCookie), but
//    this would not protect framelets/return-address of handlers.
//
//    These restrictions are currently also in place for CoreCLR but
//    can be relaxed when coreclr/#8459 is addressed.

bool Compiler::impCanPInvokeInlineCallSite(BasicBlock* block)
{
    if (block->hasHndIndex())
    {
        return false;
    }

    // The following limitations do not apply to NativeAOT
    //
    if (!IsTargetAbi(CORINFO_NATIVEAOT_ABI))
    {
        // The VM assumes that the PInvoke frame in IL Stub is only going to be used
        // for the PInvoke target call. The PInvoke frame cannot be reused by marshalling helper
        // calls (see InlinedCallFrame::GetActualInteropMethodDesc and related stackwalking code).
        if (opts.jitFlags->IsSet(JitFlags::JIT_FLAG_IL_STUB))
        {
            return false;
        }

#ifdef USE_PER_FRAME_PINVOKE_INIT
        // For platforms that use per-P/Invoke InlinedCallFrame initialization,
        // we can't inline P/Invokes inside of try blocks where we can resume execution in the same function.
        // The runtime can correctly unwind out of an InlinedCallFrame and out of managed code. However,
        // it cannot correctly unwind out of an InlinedCallFrame and stop at that frame without also unwinding
        // at least one managed frame. In particular, the runtime struggles to restore non-volatile registers
        // from the top-most unmanaged call before the InlinedCallFrame. As a result, the runtime does not support
        // re-entering the same method frame as the InlinedCallFrame after an exception in unmanaged code.
        if (block->hasTryIndex())
        {
            // Check if this block's try block or any containing try blocks have catch handlers.
            // If any of the containing try blocks have catch handlers,
            // we cannot inline a P/Invoke for reasons above. If the handler is a fault or finally handler,
            // we can inline a P/Invoke into this block in the try since the code will not resume execution
            // in the same method after throwing an exception if only fault or finally handlers are executed.
            for (unsigned int ehIndex = block->getTryIndex(); ehIndex != EHblkDsc::NO_ENCLOSING_INDEX;
                 ehIndex              = ehGetEnclosingTryIndex(ehIndex))
            {
                if (ehGetDsc(ehIndex)->HasCatchHandler())
                {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }
#endif // USE_PER_FRAME_PINVOKE_INIT
    }

    if (!compIsForInlining())
    {
        return true;
    }

    // If inlining, verify conditions for the call site block too.
    //
    return impInlineRoot()->impCanPInvokeInlineCallSite(impInlineInfo->iciBlock);
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impCheckForPInvokeCall examine call to see if it is a pinvoke and if so
// if it can be expressed as an inline pinvoke.
//
// Arguments:
//    call       - tree for the call
//    methHnd    - handle for the method being called (may be null)
//    sig        - signature of the method being called
//    mflags     - method flags for the method being called
//    block      - block containing the call
//
// Notes:
//   Sets GTF_CALL_M_PINVOKE on the call for pinvokes.
//
//   Also sets GTF_CALL_UNMANAGED on call for inline pinvokes if the
//   call passes a combination of legality and profitability checks.
//
//   If GTF_CALL_UNMANAGED is set, increments info.compUnmanagedCallCountWithGCTransition
//
void Compiler::impCheckForPInvokeCall(
    GenTreeCall* call, CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE methHnd, CORINFO_SIG_INFO* sig, unsigned mflags, BasicBlock* block)
{
    CorInfoCallConvExtension unmanagedCallConv;

    // If VM flagged it as Pinvoke, flag the call node accordingly
    if ((mflags & CORINFO_FLG_PINVOKE) != 0)
    {
        call->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_PINVOKE;
    }

    bool suppressGCTransition = false;
    if (methHnd)
    {
        if ((mflags & CORINFO_FLG_PINVOKE) == 0)
        {
            return;
        }

        unmanagedCallConv = info.compCompHnd->getUnmanagedCallConv(methHnd, nullptr, &suppressGCTransition);
    }
    else
    {
        if (sig->getCallConv() == CORINFO_CALLCONV_DEFAULT || sig->getCallConv() == CORINFO_CALLCONV_VARARG)
        {
            return;
        }

        unmanagedCallConv = info.compCompHnd->getUnmanagedCallConv(nullptr, sig, &suppressGCTransition);

        assert(!call->gtCallCookie);
    }

    if (suppressGCTransition)
    {
        call->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_SUPPRESS_GC_TRANSITION;
    }

    if ((unmanagedCallConv == CorInfoCallConvExtension::Thiscall) && (sig->numArgs == 0))
    {
        BADCODE("thiscall with 0 arguments");
    }

    // If we can't get the unmanaged calling convention or the calling convention is unsupported in the JIT,
    // return here without inlining the native call.
    if (unmanagedCallConv == CorInfoCallConvExtension::Managed ||
        unmanagedCallConv == CorInfoCallConvExtension::Fastcall ||
        unmanagedCallConv == CorInfoCallConvExtension::FastcallMemberFunction)
    {
        return;
    }
    optNativeCallCount++;

    if (methHnd == nullptr && (IsTargetAbi(CORINFO_NATIVEAOT_ABI) ||
                               (opts.jitFlags->IsSet(JitFlags::JIT_FLAG_IL_STUB) && !compIsForInlining())))
    {
        // PInvoke CALLI in NativeAOT ABI must be always inlined. Non-inlineable CALLI cases have been
        // converted to regular method calls earlier using convertPInvokeCalliToCall.

        // PInvoke CALLI in IL stubs must be inlined
    }
    else if (opts.jitFlags->IsSet(JitFlags::JIT_FLAG_IL_STUB) && IsReadyToRun())
    {
        // The raw PInvoke call that is inside the no marshalling R2R compiled pinvoke ILStub must
        // be inlined into the stub, otherwise we would end up with a stub that recursively calls
        // itself, and end up with a stack overflow.
    }
    else
    {
        // Check legality
        if (!impCanPInvokeInlineCallSite(block))
        {
            return;
        }

        // Legal PInvoke CALL in PInvoke IL stubs must be inlined to avoid infinite recursive
        // inlining in NativeAOT. Skip the ambient conditions checks and profitability checks.
        if (!IsTargetAbi(CORINFO_NATIVEAOT_ABI) || (info.compFlags & CORINFO_FLG_PINVOKE) == 0)
        {
            if (!impCanPInvokeInline())
            {
                return;
            }

            // Size-speed tradeoff: don't use inline pinvoke at rarely
            // executed call sites.  The non-inline version is more
            // compact.
            //
            // Zero-diff quirk: the first clause below should simply be block->isRunRarely()
            //
            if ((!compIsForInlining() && block->isRunRarely()) ||
                (compIsForInlining() && impInlineInfo->iciBlock->isRunRarely()))
            {
                return;
            }
        }

        // The expensive check should be last
        if (info.compCompHnd->pInvokeMarshalingRequired(methHnd, sig))
        {
            return;
        }
    }

    JITLOG((LL_INFO1000000, "\nInline a PINVOKE call from method %s\n", info.compFullName));

    call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_UNMANAGED;
    call->unmgdCallConv = unmanagedCallConv;
    if (!call->IsSuppressGCTransition())
    {
        info.compUnmanagedCallCountWithGCTransition++;
    }

    if (unmanagedCallConv == CorInfoCallConvExtension::C ||
        unmanagedCallConv == CorInfoCallConvExtension::CMemberFunction)
    {
        call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_POP_ARGS;
    }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impSetupAsyncCall:
//   Register a call as being async and set up context handling information depending on the IL.
//
// Arguments:
//    call        - The call
//    opcode      - The IL opcode for the call
//    prefixFlags - Flags containing context handling information from IL
//    callDI      - Debug info for the async call
//
void Compiler::impSetupAsyncCall(GenTreeCall* call, OPCODE opcode, unsigned prefixFlags, const DebugInfo& callDI)
{
    if (compIsForInlining())
    {
        compInlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_AWAIT);
        return;
    }

    AsyncCallInfo asyncInfo;

    unsigned newSourceTypes = ICorDebugInfo::ASYNC;
    newSourceTypes |= (unsigned)callDI.GetLocation().GetSourceTypes() & ~ICorDebugInfo::CALL_INSTRUCTION;
    ILLocation newILLocation(callDI.GetLocation().GetOffset(), (ICorDebugInfo::SourceTypes)newSourceTypes);
    asyncInfo.CallAsyncDebugInfo = DebugInfo(callDI.GetInlineContext(), newILLocation);

    if ((prefixFlags & PREFIX_IS_TASK_AWAIT) != 0)
    {
        JITDUMP("Call is an async task await\n");

        if ((prefixFlags & PREFIX_TASK_AWAIT_CONTINUE_ON_CAPTURED_CONTEXT) != 0)
        {
            asyncInfo.ContinuationContextHandling = ContinuationContextHandling::ContinueOnCapturedContext;
            JITDUMP("  Continuation continues on captured context\n");
        }
        else
        {
            asyncInfo.ContinuationContextHandling = ContinuationContextHandling::ContinueOnThreadPool;
            JITDUMP("  Continuation continues on thread pool\n");
        }
    }
    else if (opcode == CEE_CALLI)
    {
        // Used for unboxing/instantiating stubs
        JITDUMP("Call is an async calli\n");
    }
    else
    {
        JITDUMP("Call is an async non-task await\n");
    }

    if (m_nextAwaitIsTail)
    {
        asyncInfo.ContinuationContextHandling = ContinuationContextHandling::None;
        asyncInfo.IsTailAwait                 = true;
        m_nextAwaitIsTail                     = false;
    }

    call->AsCall()->SetIsAsync(new (this, CMK_Async) AsyncCallInfo(asyncInfo));

#ifdef DEBUG
    if (JitConfig.EnableExtraSuperPmiQueries() && (call->gtCallType == CT_USER_FUNC))
    {
        // Query the async variants (twice, to get both directions)
        CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE method = call->gtCallMethHnd;
        bool                  variantIsThunk;
        method = info.compCompHnd->getAsyncOtherVariant(method, &variantIsThunk);
        if (method != NO_METHOD_HANDLE)
        {
            method = info.compCompHnd->getAsyncOtherVariant(method, &variantIsThunk);
        }
    }
#endif
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impInsertAsyncContinuationForLdvirtftnCall:
//   Insert the async continuation argument for a call the EE asked to be
//   performed via ldvirtftn.
//
// Arguments:
//    call - The call
//
// Remarks:
//   Should be called before the 'this' arg is inserted, but after other IL args
//   have been inserted.
//
void Compiler::impInsertAsyncContinuationForLdvirtftnCall(GenTreeCall* call)
{
    assert(call->AsCall()->IsAsync());

    if (Target::g_tgtArgOrder == Target::ARG_ORDER_R2L)
    {
        call->AsCall()->gtArgs.PushFront(this, NewCallArg::Primitive(gtNewNull(), TYP_REF)
                                                   .WellKnown(WellKnownArg::AsyncContinuation));
    }
    else
    {
        call->AsCall()->gtArgs.PushBack(this, NewCallArg::Primitive(gtNewNull(), TYP_REF)
                                                  .WellKnown(WellKnownArg::AsyncContinuation));
    }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// SpillRetExprHelper: iterate through arguments tree and spill ret_expr to local variables.
//
class SpillRetExprHelper
{
public:
    SpillRetExprHelper(Compiler* comp)
        : m_compiler(comp)
    {
    }

    void StoreRetExprResultsInArgs(GenTreeCall* call)
    {
        for (CallArg& arg : call->gtArgs.Args())
        {
            m_compiler->fgWalkTreePre(&arg.EarlyNodeRef(), SpillRetExprVisitor, this);
        }
    }

private:
    static Compiler::fgWalkResult SpillRetExprVisitor(GenTree** pTree, Compiler::fgWalkData* fgWalkPre)
    {
        assert((pTree != nullptr) && (*pTree != nullptr));
        GenTree* tree = *pTree;
        if ((tree->gtFlags & GTF_CALL) == 0)
        {
            // Trees with ret_expr are marked as GTF_CALL.
            return Compiler::WALK_SKIP_SUBTREES;
        }
        if (tree->OperIs(GT_RET_EXPR))
        {
            SpillRetExprHelper* walker = static_cast<SpillRetExprHelper*>(fgWalkPre->pCallbackData);
            walker->StoreRetExprAsLocalVar(pTree);
        }
        return Compiler::WALK_CONTINUE;
    }

    void StoreRetExprAsLocalVar(GenTree** pRetExpr)
    {
        GenTree* retExpr = *pRetExpr;
        assert(retExpr->OperIs(GT_RET_EXPR));
        const unsigned tmp = m_compiler->lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("spilling ret_expr"));
        JITDUMP("Storing return expression [%06u] to a local var V%02u.\n", m_compiler->dspTreeID(retExpr), tmp);
        m_compiler->impStoreToTemp(tmp, retExpr, Compiler::CHECK_SPILL_NONE);
        *pRetExpr = m_compiler->gtNewLclvNode(tmp, retExpr->TypeGet());

        assert(m_compiler->lvaTable[tmp].lvSingleDef == 0);
        m_compiler->lvaTable[tmp].lvSingleDef = 1;
        JITDUMP("Marked V%02u as a single def temp\n", tmp);
        if (retExpr->TypeIs(TYP_REF))
        {
            bool                 isExact   = false;
            bool                 isNonNull = false;
            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE retClsHnd = m_compiler->gtGetClassHandle(retExpr, &isExact, &isNonNull);
            if (retClsHnd != nullptr)
            {
                m_compiler->lvaSetClass(tmp, retClsHnd, isExact);
            }
            else
            {
                JITDUMP("Could not deduce class from [%06u]", m_compiler->dspTreeID(retExpr));
            }
        }
    }

private:
    Compiler* m_compiler;
};

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// addFatPointerCandidate: mark the call and the method, that they have a fat pointer candidate.
//                         Spill ret_expr in the call node, because they can't be cloned.
//
// Arguments:
//    call - fat calli candidate
//
void Compiler::addFatPointerCandidate(GenTreeCall* call)
{
    JITDUMP("Marking call [%06u] as fat pointer candidate\n", dspTreeID(call));

    setMethodHasFatPointer();
    call->SetFatPointerCandidate();
    SpillRetExprHelper helper(this);
    helper.StoreRetExprResultsInArgs(call);
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// pickGDV: Use profile information to pick a GDV/cast type candidate for a call site.
//
// Arguments:
//    call            - the call (either virtual or cast helper)
//    ilOffset        - exact IL offset of the call
//    isInterface     - whether or not the call target is defined on an interface
//    classGuesses    - [out] the classes to guess for (mutually exclusive with methodGuess)
//    methodGuesses   - [out] the methods to guess for (mutually exclusive with classGuess)
//    candidatesCount - [out] number of guesses
//    likelihoods     - [out] estimates of the likelihoods that the guesses will succeed
//    verboseLogging  - whether or not to do verbose logging
//
void Compiler::pickGDV(GenTreeCall*           call,
                       IL_OFFSET              ilOffset,
                       bool                   isInterface,
                       CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE*  classGuesses,
                       CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE* methodGuesses,
                       int*                   candidatesCount,
                       unsigned*              likelihoods,
                       bool                   verboseLogging)
{
    *candidatesCount = 0;

    // Get the relevant pgo info for this call
    //
    PgoInfo pgoInfo(call->gtInlineContext);

    const int               maxLikelyClasses = MAX_GDV_TYPE_CHECKS;
    LikelyClassMethodRecord likelyClasses[maxLikelyClasses];
    unsigned                numberOfClasses = 0;
    if (call->IsVirtualStub() || call->IsVirtualVtable() || call->IsHelperCall())
    {
        numberOfClasses = getLikelyClasses(likelyClasses, maxLikelyClasses, pgoInfo.PgoSchema, pgoInfo.PgoSchemaCount,
                                           pgoInfo.PgoData, ilOffset);
    }

    const int               maxLikelyMethods = MAX_GDV_TYPE_CHECKS;
    LikelyClassMethodRecord likelyMethods[maxLikelyMethods];
    unsigned                numberOfMethods = 0;
    bool                    isInferredGDV   = false;

    // TODO-GDV: R2R support requires additional work to reacquire the
    // entrypoint, similar to what happens at the end of impDevirtualizeCall.
    // As part of supporting this we should merge the tail of
    // impDevirtualizeCall and what happens in
    // GuardedDevirtualizationTransformer::CreateThen for method GDV.
    //
    if (!IsAot() && (call->IsVirtualVtable() || call->IsDelegateInvoke()))
    {
        assert(!call->IsHelperCall());
        numberOfMethods = getLikelyMethods(likelyMethods, maxLikelyMethods, pgoInfo.PgoSchema, pgoInfo.PgoSchemaCount,
                                           pgoInfo.PgoData, ilOffset);
    }

    if ((numberOfClasses < 1) && (numberOfMethods < 1) && hasEnumeratorLikelyTypeMap())
    {
        // See if we can infer a GDV here for enumerator var uses
        //
        CallArg* const thisArg = call->gtArgs.FindWellKnownArg(WellKnownArg::ThisPointer);

        if (thisArg != nullptr)
        {
            GenTree* const thisNode = thisArg->GetEarlyNode();
            if (thisNode->OperIs(GT_LCL_VAR))
            {
                GenTreeLclVarCommon* thisLclNode = thisNode->AsLclVarCommon();
                LclVarDsc* const     thisVarDsc  = lvaGetDesc(thisLclNode);
                unsigned const       thisLclNum  = thisLclNode->GetLclNum();

                if (thisVarDsc->lvIsEnumerator)
                {
                    VarToLikelyClassMap* const map = getImpEnumeratorLikelyTypeMap();
                    InferredGdvEntry           e;
                    if (map->Lookup(thisLclNum, &e))
                    {
                        JITDUMP("Recalling that V%02u has %u%% likely class %s\n", thisLclNum, e.m_likelihood,
                                eeGetClassName(e.m_classHandle));
                        numberOfClasses             = 1;
                        likelyClasses[0].handle     = (INT_PTR)e.m_classHandle;
                        likelyClasses[0].likelihood = e.m_likelihood;
                        isInferredGDV               = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if ((numberOfClasses < 1) && (numberOfMethods < 1))
    {
        if (verboseLogging)
        {
            JITDUMP("No likely class or method, sorry\n");
        }
        return;
    }

#ifdef DEBUG
    if ((verbose || JitConfig.EnableExtraSuperPmiQueries()) && (numberOfClasses > 0) && verboseLogging)
    {
        JITDUMP("Likely classes for call [%06u]", dspTreeID(call));
        if (!call->IsHelperCall())
        {
            bool     isExact;
            bool     isNonNull;
            CallArg* thisArg = call->gtArgs.GetThisArg();
            assert(thisArg != nullptr);
            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE declaredThisClsHnd = gtGetClassHandle(thisArg->GetNode(), &isExact, &isNonNull);
            if (declaredThisClsHnd != NO_CLASS_HANDLE)
            {
                const char* baseClassName = eeGetClassName(declaredThisClsHnd);
                JITDUMP(" on class %p (%s)", declaredThisClsHnd, baseClassName);
            }
        }
        JITDUMP("\n");

        for (UINT32 i = 0; i < numberOfClasses; i++)
        {
            const char* className = eeGetClassName((CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE)likelyClasses[i].handle);
            JITDUMP("  %u) %p (%s) [likelihood:%u%%]\n", i + 1, likelyClasses[i].handle, className,
                    likelyClasses[i].likelihood);
        }
    }

    if ((verbose || JitConfig.EnableExtraSuperPmiQueries()) && (numberOfMethods > 0))
    {
        assert(call->gtCallType == CT_USER_FUNC);
        const char* baseMethName = eeGetMethodFullName(call->gtCallMethHnd);
        JITDUMP("Likely methods for call [%06u] to method %s\n", dspTreeID(call), baseMethName);

        for (UINT32 i = 0; i < numberOfMethods; i++)
        {
            CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP lookup = {};
            info.compCompHnd->getFunctionFixedEntryPoint((CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE)likelyMethods[i].handle, false,
                                                         &lookup);

            const char* methName = eeGetMethodFullName((CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE)likelyMethods[i].handle);
            switch (lookup.accessType)
            {
                case IAT_VALUE:
                    JITDUMP("  %u) %p (%s) [likelihood:%u%%]\n", i + 1, lookup.addr, methName,
                            likelyMethods[i].likelihood);
                    break;
                case IAT_PVALUE:
                    JITDUMP("  %u) [%p] (%s) [likelihood:%u%%]\n", i + 1, lookup.addr, methName,
                            likelyMethods[i].likelihood);
                    break;
                case IAT_PPVALUE:
                    JITDUMP("  %u) [[%p]] (%s) [likelihood:%u%%]\n", i + 1, lookup.addr, methName,
                            likelyMethods[i].likelihood);
                    break;
                default:
                    JITDUMP("  %u) %s [likelihood:%u%%]\n", i + 1, methName, likelyMethods[i].likelihood);
                    break;
            }
        }
    }

    // Optional stress mode to pick a random known class, rather than
    // the most likely known class.
    //
    if (JitConfig.JitRandomGuardedDevirtualization() != 0)
    {
        // Reuse the random inliner's random state.
        //
        CLRRandom* const random =
            impInlineRoot()->m_inlineStrategy->GetRandom(JitConfig.JitRandomGuardedDevirtualization());
        unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>(random->Next(static_cast<int>(numberOfClasses + numberOfMethods)));
        if (index < numberOfClasses)
        {
            classGuesses[0]  = (CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE)likelyClasses[index].handle;
            likelihoods[0]   = 100;
            *candidatesCount = 1;
            // TODO: report multiple random candidates. For now we don't do it because with the current impl
            // we might give up on all candidates if one of them is not inlinable, so we don't want to reduce
            // testing coverage.
            //
            JITDUMP("Picked random class for GDV: %p (%s)\n", classGuesses[0], eeGetClassName(classGuesses[0]));
            return;
        }
        else
        {
            assert(!call->IsHelperCall());
            methodGuesses[0] = (CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE)likelyMethods[index - numberOfClasses].handle;
            likelihoods[0]   = 100;
            *candidatesCount = 1;
            // TODO: report multiple random candidates. For now we don't do it because with the current impl
            // we might give up on all candidates if one of them is not inlinable, so we don't want to reduce
            // testing coverage.
            //
            JITDUMP("Picked random method for GDV: %p (%s)\n", methodGuesses[0], eeGetMethodFullName(methodGuesses[0]));
            return;
        }
    }
#endif

    // Prefer class guess as it is cheaper
    if (numberOfClasses > 0)
    {
        const int maxNumberOfGuesses = getGDVMaxTypeChecks();
        if (maxNumberOfGuesses == 0)
        {
            // DOTNET_JitGuardedDevirtualizationMaxTypeChecks=0 means we don't want to do any guarded devirtualization
            // Although, we expect users to disable GDV by setting DOTNET_JitEnableGuardedDevirtualization=0
            return;
        }

        assert((maxNumberOfGuesses > 0) && (maxNumberOfGuesses <= MAX_GDV_TYPE_CHECKS));

        unsigned likelihoodThreshold;
        if (maxNumberOfGuesses == 1)
        {
            // We're allowed to make only a single guess - it means we want to work only with dominating types
            if (call->IsHelperCall())
            {
                // Casts. Most casts aren't too expensive
                likelihoodThreshold = 50;
            }
            else if (isInterface)
            {
                // interface calls
                likelihoodThreshold = 25;
            }
            else
            {
                // virtual calls
                likelihoodThreshold = 30;
            }
        }
        else if (maxNumberOfGuesses == 2)
        {
            // Two guesses - slightly relax the thresholds
            if (call->IsHelperCall())
            {
                // Casts. Most casts aren't too expensive
                likelihoodThreshold = 40;
            }
            else if (isInterface)
            {
                // interface calls
                likelihoodThreshold = 15;
            }
            else
            {
                // virtual calls
                likelihoodThreshold = 20;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            // We're allowed to make more than 2 guesses - pick all types with likelihood >= 10%
            likelihoodThreshold = 10;
        }

        // We have 'maxNumberOfGuesses' number of classes available
        // and we're allowed to make 'maxNumberOfGuesses' number of guesses
        // Iterate over the available classes to find classes with likelihoods bigger than
        // a specific threshold
        //
        assert(*candidatesCount == 0);
        unsigned totalGuesses = min((unsigned)maxNumberOfGuesses, numberOfClasses);
        for (unsigned guessIdx = 0; guessIdx < totalGuesses; guessIdx++)
        {
            if (likelyClasses[guessIdx].likelihood >= likelihoodThreshold)
            {
                classGuesses[guessIdx] = (CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE)likelyClasses[guessIdx].handle;
                likelihoods[guessIdx]  = likelyClasses[guessIdx].likelihood;
                *candidatesCount       = *candidatesCount + 1;

                if (verboseLogging)
                {
                    JITDUMP("Accepting type %s with likelihood %u as a candidate\n",
                            eeGetClassName(classGuesses[guessIdx]), likelihoods[guessIdx])
                }

                // If the 'this' arg to the call is an enumerator var, record any
                // dominant likely class so we can possibly infer a GDV at places where we
                // never observed the var's value. (eg an unreached Dispose call if
                // control is hijacked out of Tier0+i by OSR).
                //
                // Note enumerator vars are special as they are generally not redefined
                // and we want to ensure all methods called on them get inlined to enable
                // escape analysis to kick in, if possible.
                //
                const unsigned dominantLikelihood = 50;

                if (!isInferredGDV && (likelihoods[guessIdx] >= dominantLikelihood))
                {
                    CallArg* const thisArg = call->gtArgs.FindWellKnownArg(WellKnownArg::ThisPointer);

                    if (thisArg != nullptr)
                    {
                        GenTree* const thisNode = thisArg->GetEarlyNode();
                        if (thisNode->OperIs(GT_LCL_VAR))
                        {
                            GenTreeLclVarCommon* thisLclNode = thisNode->AsLclVarCommon();
                            LclVarDsc* const     thisVarDsc  = lvaGetDesc(thisLclNode);
                            unsigned const       thisLclNum  = thisLclNode->GetLclNum();

                            if (thisVarDsc->lvIsEnumerator)
                            {
                                VarToLikelyClassMap* const map = getImpEnumeratorLikelyTypeMap();

                                // If we have multiple type observations, we just use the first.
                                //
                                // Note importation order is somewhat reverse-post-orderish;
                                // a block is only imported if one of its imported preds is imported.
                                //
                                // Enumerator vars tend to have a dominating MoveNext call that will
                                // be the one subsequent uses will see, if they lack their own
                                // type observations.
                                //
                                if (!map->Lookup(thisLclNum))
                                {
                                    InferredGdvEntry e;
                                    e.m_classHandle = classGuesses[guessIdx];
                                    e.m_likelihood  = likelihoods[guessIdx];

                                    JITDUMP("Remembering that V%02u has %u%% likely class %s\n", thisLclNum,
                                            e.m_likelihood, eeGetClassName(e.m_classHandle));
                                    map->Set(thisLclNum, e);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                // The candidates are sorted by likelihood so the rest of the
                // guesses will have even lower likelihoods
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    if (numberOfMethods > 0)
    {
        // For method guessing we only support a single target for now
        unsigned likelihoodThreshold = 30;
        if (likelyMethods[0].likelihood >= likelihoodThreshold)
        {
            methodGuesses[0] = (CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE)likelyMethods[0].handle;
            likelihoods[0]   = likelyMethods[0].likelihood;
            *candidatesCount = 1;
            return;
        }

        if (verboseLogging)
        {
            JITDUMP("Not guessing for method; likelihood is below %s call threshold %u\n",
                    call->IsDelegateInvoke() ? "delegate" : "virtual", likelihoodThreshold);
        }
    }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// isCompatibleMethodGDV:
//    Check if devirtualizing a call node as a specified target method call is
//    reasonable.
//
// Arguments:
//    call - the call
//    gdvTarget - the target method that we want to guess for and devirtualize to
//
// Returns:
//    true if we can proceed with GDV.
//
// Notes:
//    This implements a small simplified signature-compatibility check to
//    verify that a guess is reasonable. The main goal here is to avoid blowing
//    up the JIT on PGO data with stale GDV candidates; if they are not
//    compatible in the ECMA sense then we do not expect the guard to ever pass
//    at runtime, so we can get by with simplified rules here.
//
bool Compiler::isCompatibleMethodGDV(GenTreeCall* call, CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE gdvTarget)
{
    CORINFO_SIG_INFO sig;
    info.compCompHnd->getMethodSig(gdvTarget, &sig);

    CORINFO_ARG_LIST_HANDLE sigParam  = sig.args;
    unsigned                numParams = sig.numArgs;
    unsigned                numArgs   = 0;

    var_types gdvType  = JITtype2varType(sig.retType);
    var_types callType = call->gtReturnType;

    const bool sameRetTypes =
        (genActualType(callType) == genActualType(gdvType)) || (varTypeIsStruct(callType) && varTypeIsStruct(gdvType));
    if (!sameRetTypes)
    {
        JITDUMP("Incompatible method GDV: Return types do not match - bail out.\n");
        return false;
    }

    if (varTypeIsStruct(gdvType))
    {
        assert(varTypeIsStruct(callType));

        CORINFO_SIG_INFO callSig;
        info.compCompHnd->getMethodSig(call->gtCallMethHnd, &callSig);

        structPassingKind callRetKind;
        structPassingKind gdvRetKind;
        getReturnTypeForStruct(callSig.retTypeClass, call->GetUnmanagedCallConv(), &callRetKind);
        getReturnTypeForStruct(sig.retTypeClass, call->GetUnmanagedCallConv(), &gdvRetKind);

        if ((callRetKind != gdvRetKind) ||
            !ClassLayout::AreCompatible(typGetObjLayout(callSig.retTypeClass), typGetObjLayout(sig.retTypeClass)))
        {
            JITDUMP("Incompatible method GDV: Return struct types do not match - bail out.\n");
            return false;
        }
    }

    for (CallArg& arg : call->gtArgs.Args())
    {
        switch (arg.GetWellKnownArg())
        {
            case WellKnownArg::RetBuffer:
            case WellKnownArg::ThisPointer:
            case WellKnownArg::AsyncContinuation:
                // Not part of signature but we still expect to see it here
                continue;
            case WellKnownArg::None:
                break;
            default:
                assert(!"Unexpected well known arg to method GDV candidate");
                continue;
        }

        numArgs++;
        if (numArgs > numParams)
        {
            JITDUMP("Incompatible method GDV: call [%06u] has more arguments than signature (sig has %d parameters)\n",
                    dspTreeID(call), numParams);
            return false;
        }

        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE classHnd = NO_CLASS_HANDLE;
        CorInfoType          corType  = strip(info.compCompHnd->getArgType(&sig, sigParam, &classHnd));
        var_types            sigType  = JITtype2varType(corType);

        if (!impCheckImplicitArgumentCoercion(sigType, arg.GetNode()->TypeGet()))
        {
            JITDUMP("Incompatible method GDV: arg [%06u] is type-incompatible with signature of target\n",
                    dspTreeID(arg.GetNode()));
            return false;
        }

        // Best-effort check for struct compatibility here.
        if (varTypeIsStruct(sigType) && (arg.GetSignatureClassHandle() != classHnd))
        {
            ClassLayout* callLayout = typGetObjLayout(arg.GetSignatureClassHandle());
            ClassLayout* tarLayout  = typGetObjLayout(classHnd);

            if (!ClassLayout::AreCompatible(callLayout, tarLayout))
            {
                JITDUMP("Incompatible method GDV: struct arg [%06u] is layout-incompatible with signature of target\n",
                        dspTreeID(arg.GetNode()));
                return false;
            }
        }

        sigParam = info.compCompHnd->getArgNext(sigParam);
    }

    if (numArgs < numParams)
    {
        JITDUMP("Incompatible method GDV: call [%06u] has fewer arguments (%d) than signature (%d)\n", dspTreeID(call),
                numArgs, numParams);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// considerGuardedDevirtualization: see if we can profitably guess at the
//    class involved in an interface or virtual call.
//
// Arguments:
//
//    call - potential guarded devirtualization candidate
//    ilOffset - IL ofset of the call instruction
//    baseMethod - target method of the call
//    baseClass - class that introduced the target method
//    pContextHandle - context handle for the call
//
// Notes:
//    Consults with VM to see if there's a likely class at runtime,
//    if so, adds a candidate for guarded devirtualization.
//
void Compiler::considerGuardedDevirtualization(GenTreeCall*            call,
                                               IL_OFFSET               ilOffset,
                                               bool                    isInterface,
                                               CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE   baseMethod,
                                               CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE    baseClass,
                                               CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE* pContextHandle)
{
    JITDUMP("Considering guarded devirtualization at IL offset %u (0x%x)\n", ilOffset, ilOffset);

    bool hasPgoData = true;

    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE  likelyClasses[MAX_GDV_TYPE_CHECKS] = {};
    CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE likelyMethods[MAX_GDV_TYPE_CHECKS] = {};
    unsigned              likelihoods[MAX_GDV_TYPE_CHECKS]   = {};
    int                   candidatesCount                    = 0;

    // Remember the original context, if any.
    //
    CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE originalContext = nullptr;
    if (pContextHandle != nullptr)
    {
        originalContext = *pContextHandle;
    }

    // We currently only get likely class guesses when there is PGO data
    // with class profiles.
    //
    if ((fgPgoClassProfiles == 0) && (fgPgoMethodProfiles == 0))
    {
        hasPgoData = false;
    }
    else
    {
        pickGDV(call, ilOffset, isInterface, likelyClasses, likelyMethods, &candidatesCount, likelihoods);
        assert((unsigned)candidatesCount <= MAX_GDV_TYPE_CHECKS);
        assert((unsigned)candidatesCount <= (unsigned)getGDVMaxTypeChecks());
        if (candidatesCount == 0)
        {
            hasPgoData = false;
        }
    }

    // NativeAOT is the only target that currently supports getExactClasses-based GDV
    // where we know the exact number of classes implementing the given base in compile-time.
    // For now, let's only do this when we don't have any PGO data. In future, we should be able to benefit
    // from both.
    if (!hasPgoData && (baseClass != NO_CLASS_HANDLE) && JitConfig.JitEnableExactDevirtualization())
    {
        int maxTypeChecks = min(getGDVMaxTypeChecks(), MAX_GDV_TYPE_CHECKS);

        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE exactClasses[MAX_GDV_TYPE_CHECKS];
        int numExactClasses = info.compCompHnd->getExactClasses(baseClass, MAX_GDV_TYPE_CHECKS, exactClasses);
        if (numExactClasses == 0)
        {
            JITDUMP("No exact classes implementing %s\n", eeGetClassName(baseClass))
        }
        else if (numExactClasses < 0 || numExactClasses > maxTypeChecks)
        {
            JITDUMP("Too many exact classes implementing %s (%d > %d)\n", eeGetClassName(baseClass), numExactClasses,
                    maxTypeChecks)
        }
        else
        {
            assert((numExactClasses > 0) && (numExactClasses <= maxTypeChecks));
            JITDUMP("We have exactly %d classes implementing %s:\n", numExactClasses, eeGetClassName(baseClass));

            for (int exactClsIdx = 0; exactClsIdx < numExactClasses; exactClsIdx++)
            {
                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE exactCls = exactClasses[exactClsIdx];
                assert(exactCls != NO_CLASS_HANDLE);

                uint32_t clsAttrs = info.compCompHnd->getClassAttribs(exactCls);

                // The getExactClasses method is expected to return precise data, thus eliminating the need
                // to check if it is stale.
                //
                assert((clsAttrs & CORINFO_FLG_ABSTRACT) == 0);

                JITDUMP("  %d) %s\n", exactClsIdx, eeGetClassName(exactCls));

                // Figure out which method will be called.
                //
                CORINFO_DEVIRTUALIZATION_INFO dvInfo;
                dvInfo.virtualMethod               = baseMethod;
                dvInfo.objClass                    = exactCls;
                dvInfo.context                     = originalContext;
                dvInfo.exactContext                = originalContext;
                dvInfo.pResolvedTokenVirtualMethod = nullptr;

                JITDUMP("GDV exact: resolveVirtualMethod (method %p class %p context %p)\n", dvInfo.virtualMethod,
                        dvInfo.objClass, dvInfo.context);

                if (!info.compCompHnd->resolveVirtualMethod(&dvInfo))
                {
                    JITDUMP("Can't figure out which method would be invoked, sorry\n");
                    // Maybe other candidates will be resolved.
                    // Although, we no longer can remove the fallback (we never do it currently anyway)
                    break;
                }

                CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE exactContext     = dvInfo.exactContext;
                CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE  exactMethod      = dvInfo.devirtualizedMethod;
                uint32_t               exactMethodAttrs = info.compCompHnd->getMethodAttribs(exactMethod);

                // NOTE: This is currently used only with NativeAOT. In theory, we could also check if we
                // have static PGO data to decide which class to guess first. Presumably, this is a rare case.
                //
                int likelyHood = 100 / numExactClasses;

                // If numExactClasses is 3, then likelyHood is 33 and 33*3=99.
                // Apply the error to the first guess, so we'll have [34,33,33]
                if (exactClsIdx == 0)
                {
                    likelyHood += 100 - likelyHood * numExactClasses;
                }

                addGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate(call, exactMethod, exactCls, exactContext, exactMethodAttrs,
                                                    clsAttrs, likelyHood, dvInfo.needsMethodContext,
                                                    dvInfo.isInstantiatingStub, baseMethod, originalContext);
            }

            if (call->GetInlineCandidatesCount() == numExactClasses)
            {
                assert(numExactClasses > 0);
                call->gtCallMoreFlags |= GTF_CALL_M_GUARDED_DEVIRT_EXACT;
                // NOTE: we have to drop this flag if we change the number of candidates before we expand.
            }

            return;
        }
    }

    if (!hasPgoData)
    {
        JITDUMP("Not guessing; no PGO and no exact classes\n");
        return;
    }

    // Iterate over the guesses
    for (int candidateId = 0; candidateId < candidatesCount; candidateId++)
    {
        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE  likelyClass        = likelyClasses[candidateId];
        CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE likelyMethod       = likelyMethods[candidateId];
        unsigned              likelihood         = likelihoods[candidateId];
        bool                  needsMethodContext = false;
        bool                  instantiatingStub  = false;

        CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE likelyContext = originalContext;

        uint32_t likelyClassAttribs = 0;
        if (likelyClass != NO_CLASS_HANDLE)
        {
            likelyClassAttribs = info.compCompHnd->getClassAttribs(likelyClass);

            if ((likelyClassAttribs & CORINFO_FLG_ABSTRACT) != 0)
            {
                // We may see an abstract likely class, if we have a stale profile.
                // No point guessing for this.
                //
                JITDUMP("Not guessing for class; abstract (stale profile)\n");

                // Continue checking other candidates, maybe some of them aren't stale.
                break;
            }

            // Figure out which method will be called.
            //
            CORINFO_DEVIRTUALIZATION_INFO dvInfo;
            dvInfo.virtualMethod               = baseMethod;
            dvInfo.objClass                    = likelyClass;
            dvInfo.context                     = originalContext;
            dvInfo.exactContext                = originalContext;
            dvInfo.pResolvedTokenVirtualMethod = nullptr;

            JITDUMP("GDV likely: resolveVirtualMethod (method %p class %p context %p)\n", dvInfo.virtualMethod,
                    dvInfo.objClass, dvInfo.context);

            const bool canResolve = info.compCompHnd->resolveVirtualMethod(&dvInfo);

            if (!canResolve)
            {
                JITDUMP("Can't figure out which method would be invoked, sorry. [%s]\n",
                        devirtualizationDetailToString(dvInfo.detail));

                // Continue checking other candidates, maybe some of them will succeed.
                break;
            }

            likelyContext      = dvInfo.exactContext;
            likelyMethod       = dvInfo.devirtualizedMethod;
            needsMethodContext = dvInfo.needsMethodContext;
            instantiatingStub  = dvInfo.isInstantiatingStub;
        }
        else
        {
            likelyContext = MAKE_METHODCONTEXT(likelyMethod);
        }

        uint32_t likelyMethodAttribs = info.compCompHnd->getMethodAttribs(likelyMethod);

        if (likelyClass == NO_CLASS_HANDLE)
        {
            // We don't support multiple candidates for method guessing yet.
            assert(candidateId == 0);

            // For method GDV do a few more checks that we get for free in the
            // resolve call above for class-based GDV.
            if ((likelyMethodAttribs & CORINFO_FLG_STATIC) != 0)
            {
                assert((fgPgoSource != ICorJitInfo::PgoSource::Dynamic) || call->IsDelegateInvoke());
                JITDUMP("Cannot currently handle devirtualizing static delegate calls, sorry\n");
                break;
            }

            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE definingClass = info.compCompHnd->getMethodClass(likelyMethod);
            likelyClassAttribs                 = info.compCompHnd->getClassAttribs(definingClass);

            // For instance methods on value classes we need an extended check to
            // check for the unboxing stub. This is NYI.
            // Note: For dynamic PGO likelyMethod above will be the unboxing stub
            // which would fail GDV for other reasons.
            // However, with static profiles or textual PGO input it is still
            // possible that likelyMethod is not the unboxing stub. So we do need
            // this explicit check.
            if ((likelyClassAttribs & CORINFO_FLG_VALUECLASS) != 0)
            {
                JITDUMP("Cannot currently handle devirtualizing delegate calls on value types, sorry\n");
                break;
            }

            // Verify that the call target and args look reasonable so that the JIT
            // does not blow up during inlining/call morphing.
            //
            // NOTE: Once we want to support devirtualization of delegate calls to
            // static methods and remove the check above we will start failing here
            // for delegates pointing to static methods that have the first arg
            // bound. For example:
            //
            // public static void E(this C c) ...
            // Action a = new C().E;
            //
            // The delegate instance looks exactly like one pointing to an instance
            // method in this case and the call will have zero args while the
            // signature has 1 arg.
            //
            if (!isCompatibleMethodGDV(call, likelyMethod))
            {
                JITDUMP("Target for method-based GDV is incompatible (stale profile?)\n");
                assert((fgPgoSource != ICorJitInfo::PgoSource::Dynamic) &&
                       "Unexpected stale profile in dynamic PGO data");
                break;
            }
        }

#ifdef DEBUG
        char buffer[256];
        JITDUMP("%s call would invoke method %s\n",
                isInterface                ? "interface"
                : call->IsDelegateInvoke() ? "delegate"
                                           : "virtual",
                eeGetMethodFullName(likelyMethod, true, true, buffer, sizeof(buffer)));
#endif

        // Add this as a potential candidate.
        //
        addGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate(call, likelyMethod, likelyClass, likelyContext, likelyMethodAttribs,
                                            likelyClassAttribs, likelihood, needsMethodContext, instantiatingStub,
                                            baseMethod, originalContext);
    }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// addGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate: potentially mark the call as a guarded
//    devirtualization candidate
//
// Notes:
//
// Call sites in rare or unoptimized code, and calls that require cookies are
// not marked as candidates.
//
// As part of marking the candidate, the code spills GT_RET_EXPRs anywhere in any
// child tree, because and we need to clone all these trees when we clone the call
// as part of guarded devirtualization, and these IR nodes can't be cloned.
//
// Arguments:
//    call - potential guarded devirtualization candidate
//    methodHandle - method that will be invoked if the class test succeeds
//    classHandle - class that will be tested for at runtime
//    contextHandle - context for the devirtualized method/class
//    methodAttr - attributes of the method
//    classAttr - attributes of the class
//    likelihood - odds that this class is the class seen at runtime
//    needsMethodContext - devirtualized method may need generic method context (e.g. array interfaces)
//    instantiatingStub - devirtualized method in an instantiating stub
//    originalMethodHandle - method handle of base method (before devirt)
//    originalContextHandle - context for the original call
//
void Compiler::addGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate(GenTreeCall*           call,
                                                   CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE  methodHandle,
                                                   CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE   classHandle,
                                                   CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE contextHandle,
                                                   unsigned               methodAttr,
                                                   unsigned               classAttr,
                                                   unsigned               likelihood,
                                                   bool                   needsMethodContext,
                                                   bool                   instantiatingStub,
                                                   CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE  originalMethodHandle,
                                                   CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE originalContextHandle)
{
    // This transformation only makes sense for delegate and virtual calls
    assert(call->IsDelegateInvoke() || call->IsVirtual());

    // Only mark calls if the feature is enabled.
    const bool isEnabled = JitConfig.JitEnableGuardedDevirtualization() > 0;

    if (!isEnabled)
    {
        JITDUMP("NOT Marking call [%06u] as guarded devirtualization candidate -- disabled by jit config\n",
                dspTreeID(call));
        return;
    }

    // Bail if not optimizing or the call site is very likely cold
    if (compCurBB->isRunRarely() || opts.OptimizationDisabled())
    {
        JITDUMP("NOT Marking call [%06u] as guarded devirtualization candidate -- rare / dbg / minopts\n",
                dspTreeID(call));
        return;
    }

    // CT_INDIRECT calls may use the cookie, bail if so...
    //
    // If transforming these provides a benefit, we could save this off in the same way
    // we save the stub address below.
    if ((call->gtCallType == CT_INDIRECT) && (call->AsCall()->gtCallCookie != nullptr))
    {
        JITDUMP("NOT Marking call [%06u] as guarded devirtualization candidate -- CT_INDIRECT with cookie\n",
                dspTreeID(call));
        return;
    }

#ifdef DEBUG

    // See if disabled by range
    //
    static ConfigMethodRange JitGuardedDevirtualizationRange;
    JitGuardedDevirtualizationRange.EnsureInit(JitConfig.JitGuardedDevirtualizationRange());
    assert(!JitGuardedDevirtualizationRange.Error());
    if (!JitGuardedDevirtualizationRange.Contains(impInlineRoot()->info.compMethodHash()))
    {
        JITDUMP("NOT Marking call [%06u] as guarded devirtualization candidate -- excluded by "
                "JitGuardedDevirtualizationRange",
                dspTreeID(call));
        return;
    }

#endif

    // We're all set, proceed with candidate creation.
    //
    JITDUMP("Marking call [%06u] as guarded devirtualization candidate; will guess for %s %s\n", dspTreeID(call),
            classHandle != NO_CLASS_HANDLE ? "class" : "method",
            classHandle != NO_CLASS_HANDLE ? eeGetClassName(classHandle) : eeGetMethodFullName(methodHandle));
    setMethodHasGuardedDevirtualization();

    // Spill off any GT_RET_EXPR subtrees so we can clone the call.
    //
    SpillRetExprHelper helper(this);
    helper.StoreRetExprResultsInArgs(call);

    // Gather some information for later. Note we actually allocate InlineCandidateInfo
    // here, as the devirtualized half of this call will likely become an inline candidate.
    //
    InlineCandidateInfo* pInfo = new (this, CMK_Inlining) InlineCandidateInfo;

    pInfo->guardedMethodHandle                  = methodHandle;
    pInfo->guardedMethodUnboxedEntryHandle      = nullptr;
    pInfo->guardedMethodInstantiatedEntryHandle = nullptr;
    pInfo->guardedClassHandle                   = classHandle;
    pInfo->originalMethodHandle                 = originalMethodHandle;
    pInfo->originalContextHandle                = originalContextHandle;
    pInfo->likelihood                           = likelihood;
    pInfo->exactContextHandle                   = contextHandle;
    pInfo->needsMethodContext                   = needsMethodContext;

    // If the guarded method is an instantiating stub, find the instantiated method
    //
    if (instantiatingStub)
    {
        JITDUMP("    ... method is an instantiating stub, looking for instantiated entry\n");
        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE  ignoredClass  = NO_CLASS_HANDLE;
        CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE ignoredMethod = NO_METHOD_HANDLE;
        CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE instantiatedMethod =
            info.compCompHnd->getInstantiatedEntry(methodHandle, &ignoredMethod, &ignoredClass);
        assert(ignoredClass == NO_CLASS_HANDLE);

        if (instantiatedMethod != NO_METHOD_HANDLE)
        {
            JITDUMP("    ... updating GDV candidate with instantiated entry info\n");
            pInfo->guardedMethodInstantiatedEntryHandle = instantiatedMethod;
        }
    }

    // If the guarded class is a value class, look for an unboxed entry point.
    //
    if ((classAttr & CORINFO_FLG_VALUECLASS) != 0)
    {
        JITDUMP("    ... class is a value class, looking for unboxed entry\n");
        bool                  requiresInstMethodTableArg = false;
        CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE unboxedEntryMethodHandle =
            info.compCompHnd->getUnboxedEntry(methodHandle, &requiresInstMethodTableArg);

        if (unboxedEntryMethodHandle != nullptr)
        {
            JITDUMP("    ... updating GDV candidate with unboxed entry info\n");
            pInfo->guardedMethodUnboxedEntryHandle = unboxedEntryMethodHandle;
        }
    }

    call->AddGDVCandidateInfo(this, pInfo);
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impMarkInlineCandidate: determine if this call can be subsequently inlined
//
// Arguments:
//    callNode -- call under scrutiny
//    exactContextHnd -- context handle for inlining
//    exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup -- true if context required runtime lookup
//    callInfo -- call info from VM
//    inlinersContext -- the inliner's context
//
// Notes:
//    Mostly a wrapper for impMarkInlineCandidateHelper that also undoes
//    guarded devirtualization for virtual calls where the method we'd
//    devirtualize to cannot be inlined.

void Compiler::impMarkInlineCandidate(GenTree*               callNode,
                                      CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE exactContextHnd,
                                      bool                   exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup,
                                      CORINFO_CALL_INFO*     callInfo,
                                      InlineContext*         inlinersContext)
{
    if (!opts.OptEnabled(CLFLG_INLINING))
    {
        assert(!compIsForInlining());
        return;
    }

    GenTreeCall* call = callNode->AsCall();

    // Call might not have an inline candidate info yet (will be set by impMarkInlineCandidateHelper)
    // so we assume there is always a least one candidate:
    //

    if (call->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate())
    {
        assert(call->GetInlineCandidatesCount() > 0);
        for (uint8_t candidateId = 0; candidateId < call->GetInlineCandidatesCount(); candidateId++)
        {
            InlineResult inlineResult(this, call, nullptr, "impMarkInlineCandidate for GDV");

            // Do the actual evaluation
            impMarkInlineCandidateHelper(call, candidateId, exactContextHnd, exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup, callInfo,
                                         inlinersContext, &inlineResult);
            // Ignore non-inlineable candidates
            // TODO: Consider keeping them to just devirtualize without inlining, at least for interface
            // calls on NativeAOT, but that requires more changes elsewhere too.
            if (!inlineResult.IsCandidate())
            {
                call->RemoveGDVCandidateInfo(this, candidateId);
                candidateId--;
            }
        }

        // None of the candidates made it, make sure the call is no longer marked as "has inline info"
        if (call->GetInlineCandidatesCount() == 0)
        {
            assert(!call->IsInlineCandidate());
            assert(!call->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate());
        }
    }
    else
    {
        const uint8_t candidatesCount = call->GetInlineCandidatesCount();
        assert(candidatesCount <= 1);
        InlineResult inlineResult(this, call, nullptr, "impMarkInlineCandidate");
        impMarkInlineCandidateHelper(call, 0, exactContextHnd, exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup, callInfo,
                                     inlinersContext, &inlineResult);
    }

    // If this call is an inline candidate or is not a guarded devirtualization
    // candidate, we're done.
    if (call->IsInlineCandidate() || !call->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate())
    {
        return;
    }

    // If we can't inline the call we'd guardedly devirtualize to,
    // we undo the guarded devirtualization, as the benefit from
    // just guarded devirtualization alone is likely not worth the
    // extra jit time and code size.
    //
    // TODO: it is possibly interesting to allow this, but requires
    // fixes elsewhere too...
    JITDUMP("Revoking guarded devirtualization candidacy for call [%06u]: target method can't be inlined\n",
            dspTreeID(call));

    call->ClearInlineInfo();
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impMarkInlineCandidateHelper: determine if this call can be subsequently
//     inlined
//
// Arguments:
//    callNode -- call under scrutiny
//    candidateIndex -- index of the inline candidate to evaluate
//    exactContextHnd -- context handle for inlining
//    exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup -- true if context required runtime lookup
//    callInfo -- call info from VM
//    inlinersContext -- the inliner's context
//
// Notes:
//    If callNode is an inline candidate, this method sets the flag
//    GTF_CALL_INLINE_CANDIDATE, and ensures that helper methods have
//    filled in the associated InlineCandidateInfo.
//
//    If callNode is not an inline candidate, and the reason is
//    method may be marked as "noinline" to short-circuit any
//    future assessments of calls to this method.
//

void Compiler::impMarkInlineCandidateHelper(GenTreeCall*           call,
                                            uint8_t                candidateIndex,
                                            CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE exactContextHnd,
                                            bool                   exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup,
                                            CORINFO_CALL_INFO*     callInfo,
                                            InlineContext*         inlinersContext,
                                            InlineResult*          inlineResult)
{
    // Let the strategy know there's another call
    impInlineRoot()->m_inlineStrategy->NoteCall();

    assert(opts.OptEnabled(CLFLG_INLINING));

    // Don't inline if not optimizing root method
    if (opts.compDbgCode)
    {
        inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLER_DEBUG_CODEGEN);
        return;
    }

    // Don't inline if inlining into this method is disabled.
    if (impInlineRoot()->m_inlineStrategy->IsInliningDisabled())
    {
        inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLER_IS_JIT_NOINLINE);
        return;
    }

    // Don't inline into callers that use the NextCallReturnAddress intrinsic.
    if (info.compHasNextCallRetAddr)
    {
        inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLER_USES_NEXT_CALL_RET_ADDR);
        return;
    }

    // Inlining candidate determination needs to honor only IL tail prefix.
    // Inlining takes precedence over implicit tail call optimization (if the call is not directly recursive).
    if (call->IsTailPrefixedCall())
    {
        inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_EXPLICIT_TAIL_PREFIX);
        return;
    }

    // Delegate Invoke method doesn't have a body and gets special cased instead.
    // Don't even bother trying to inline it.
    if (call->IsDelegateInvoke() && !call->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate())
    {
        inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_HAS_NO_BODY);
        return;
    }

    // Tail recursion elimination takes precedence over inlining.
    // TODO: We may want to do some of the additional checks from fgMorphCall
    // here to reduce the chance we don't inline a call that won't be optimized
    // as a fast tail call or turned into a loop.
    if (gtIsRecursiveCall(call) && call->IsImplicitTailCall())
    {
        inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_IMPLICIT_REC_TAIL_CALL);
        return;
    }

    if (call->IsVirtual())
    {
        // Allow guarded devirt calls to be treated as inline candidates,
        // but reject all other virtual calls.
        if (!call->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate())
        {
            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_IS_NOT_DIRECT);
            return;
        }
    }

    // Ignore helper calls
    //
    if (call->IsHelperCall())
    {
        assert(!call->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate());
        inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_IS_CALL_TO_HELPER);
        return;
    }

    // Ignore indirect calls, unless they are indirect virtual stub calls with profile info.
    //
    if (call->gtCallType == CT_INDIRECT)
    {
        if (!call->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate())
        {
            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_IS_NOT_DIRECT_MANAGED);
            return;
        }
        else
        {
            assert(call->IsVirtualStub());
        }
    }

    // The inliner gets confused when the unmanaged convention reverses arg order (like x86).
    // Just suppress for all targets for now.
    //
    if (call->GetUnmanagedCallConv() != CorInfoCallConvExtension::Managed)
    {
        inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_HAS_UNMANAGED_CALLCONV);
        return;
    }

    /* I removed the check for BBJ_THROW.  BBJ_THROW is usually marked as rarely run.  This more or less
     * restricts the inliner to non-expanding inlines.  I removed the check to allow for non-expanding
     * inlining in throw blocks.  I should consider the same thing for catch and filter regions. */

    CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE fncHandle;
    unsigned              methAttr;

    if (call->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate())
    {
        InlineCandidateInfo* gdvCandidate = call->GetGDVCandidateInfo(candidateIndex);
        if (gdvCandidate->guardedMethodUnboxedEntryHandle != nullptr)
        {
            fncHandle = gdvCandidate->guardedMethodUnboxedEntryHandle;
        }
        else if (gdvCandidate->guardedMethodInstantiatedEntryHandle != nullptr)
        {
            fncHandle = gdvCandidate->guardedMethodInstantiatedEntryHandle;
        }
        else
        {
            fncHandle = gdvCandidate->guardedMethodHandle;
        }
        exactContextHnd = gdvCandidate->exactContextHandle;
        methAttr        = info.compCompHnd->getMethodAttribs(fncHandle);
    }
    else
    {
        fncHandle = call->gtCallMethHnd;

        // Reuse method flags from the original callInfo if possible
        if (fncHandle == callInfo->hMethod)
        {
            methAttr = callInfo->methodFlags;
        }
        else
        {
            methAttr = info.compCompHnd->getMethodAttribs(fncHandle);
        }
    }

#ifdef DEBUG
    if (compStressCompile(STRESS_FORCE_INLINE, 0))
    {
        methAttr |= CORINFO_FLG_FORCEINLINE;
    }
#endif

    // Check for DOTNET_AggressiveInlining
    if (compDoAggressiveInlining)
    {
        methAttr |= CORINFO_FLG_FORCEINLINE;
    }

    if (!(methAttr & CORINFO_FLG_FORCEINLINE))
    {
        /* Don't bother inline blocks that are in the filter region */
        if (bbInCatchHandlerBBRange(compCurBB))
        {
#ifdef DEBUG
            if (verbose)
            {
                printf("\nWill not inline blocks that are in the catch handler region\n");
            }
#endif

            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_IS_WITHIN_CATCH);
            return;
        }

        if (bbInFilterBBRange(compCurBB))
        {
#ifdef DEBUG
            if (verbose)
            {
                printf("\nWill not inline blocks that are in the filter region\n");
            }
#endif

            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_IS_WITHIN_FILTER);
            return;
        }
    }

    /* Check if we tried to inline this method before */

    if (methAttr & CORINFO_FLG_DONT_INLINE)
    {
        inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_IS_NOINLINE);
        return;
    }

    /* Cannot inline synchronized methods */

    if (methAttr & CORINFO_FLG_SYNCH)
    {
        inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_IS_SYNCHRONIZED);
        return;
    }

    /* Check legality of PInvoke callsite (for inlining of marshalling code) */

    if (methAttr & CORINFO_FLG_PINVOKE)
    {
        if (!impCanPInvokeInlineCallSite(compCurBB))
        {
            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_PINVOKE_EH);
            return;
        }
    }

    InlineCandidateInfo* inlineCandidateInfo = nullptr;
    impCheckCanInline(call, candidateIndex, fncHandle, methAttr, exactContextHnd, inlinersContext, &inlineCandidateInfo,
                      inlineResult);

    if (inlineResult->IsFailure())
    {
        return;
    }

    if (inlineCandidateInfo->methInfo.EHcount > 0)
    {
        // We cannot inline methods with EH into filter clauses, even if marked as aggressive inline
        //
        if (bbInFilterBBRange(compCurBB))
        {
            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_IS_WITHIN_FILTER);
            return;
        }

        // Do not inline pinvoke stubs with EH.
        //
        if ((methAttr & CORINFO_FLG_PINVOKE) != 0)
        {
            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_HAS_EH);
            return;
        }
    }

    // The old value should be null OR this call should be a guarded devirtualization candidate.
    assert(call->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate() || (call->GetSingleInlineCandidateInfo() == nullptr));

    // The new value should not be null.
    assert(inlineCandidateInfo != nullptr);
    inlineCandidateInfo->exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup = exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup;

    // If we're in an inlinee compiler, and have a return spill temp, and this inline candidate
    // is also a tail call candidate, it can use the same return spill temp.
    //
    if (compIsForInlining() && call->CanTailCall() &&
        (impInlineInfo->inlineCandidateInfo->preexistingSpillTemp != BAD_VAR_NUM))
    {
        inlineCandidateInfo->preexistingSpillTemp = impInlineInfo->inlineCandidateInfo->preexistingSpillTemp;
        JITDUMP("Inline candidate [%06u] can share spill temp V%02u\n", dspTreeID(call),
                inlineCandidateInfo->preexistingSpillTemp);
    }

    if (call->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate())
    {
        assert(call->GetGDVCandidateInfo(candidateIndex) == inlineCandidateInfo);
        call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_INLINE_CANDIDATE;
    }
    else
    {
        assert(candidateIndex == 0);
        call->SetSingleInlineCandidateInfo(inlineCandidateInfo);
    }

    // Let the strategy know there's another candidate.
    impInlineRoot()->m_inlineStrategy->NoteCandidate();

    // Since we're not actually inlining yet, and this call site is
    // still just an inline candidate, there's nothing to report.
    inlineResult->SetSuccessResult(INLINE_CHECK_CAN_INLINE_SUCCESS);
}

/******************************************************************************/
// Returns true if the given intrinsic will be implemented by target-specific
// instructions

bool Compiler::IsTargetIntrinsic(NamedIntrinsic intrinsicName)
{
#if defined(TARGET_XARCH)
    switch (intrinsicName)
    {
            // AMD64/x86 has SSE2 instructions to directly compute sqrt/abs and SSE4.1
            // instructions to directly compute round/ceiling/floor/truncate.

        case NI_System_Math_Abs:
        case NI_System_Math_Ceiling:
        case NI_System_Math_Floor:
        case NI_System_Math_Max:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxMagnitude:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxMagnitudeNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxNative:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_Min:
        case NI_System_Math_MinMagnitude:
        case NI_System_Math_MinMagnitudeNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MinNative:
        case NI_System_Math_MinNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MultiplyAddEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalSqrtEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_Round:
        case NI_System_Math_Sqrt:
        case NI_System_Math_Truncate:
            return true;

        case NI_System_Math_FusedMultiplyAdd:
            return compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AVX2);

        default:
            return false;
    }
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM64)
    switch (intrinsicName)
    {
        case NI_System_Math_Abs:
        case NI_System_Math_Ceiling:
        case NI_System_Math_Floor:
        case NI_System_Math_FusedMultiplyAdd:
        case NI_System_Math_Max:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxMagnitude:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxMagnitudeNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxNative:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_Min:
        case NI_System_Math_MinMagnitude:
        case NI_System_Math_MinMagnitudeNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MinNative:
        case NI_System_Math_MinNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MultiplyAddEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalSqrtEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_Round:
        case NI_System_Math_Sqrt:
        case NI_System_Math_Truncate:
            return true;

        default:
            return false;
    }
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM)
    switch (intrinsicName)
    {
        case NI_System_Math_Abs:
        case NI_System_Math_Sqrt:
        case NI_System_Math_MultiplyAddEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalSqrtEstimate:
            return true;

        default:
            return false;
    }
#elif defined(TARGET_RISCV64)
    switch (intrinsicName)
    {
        case NI_System_Math_Abs:
        case NI_System_Math_Sqrt:
        case NI_System_Math_Max:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxNative:
        case NI_System_Math_Min:
        case NI_System_Math_MinNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MinNative:
        case NI_System_Math_MultiplyAddEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalSqrtEstimate:
            return true;

        case NI_System_Math_MinUnsigned:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxUnsigned:
        case NI_PRIMITIVE_LeadingZeroCount:
        case NI_PRIMITIVE_TrailingZeroCount:
        case NI_PRIMITIVE_PopCount:
            return compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_Zbb);

        default:
            return false;
    }
#elif defined(TARGET_LOONGARCH64)
    switch (intrinsicName)
    {
        case NI_System_Math_Abs:
        case NI_System_Math_Sqrt:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalSqrtEstimate:
        {
            // TODO-LoongArch64: support these standard intrinsics
            return false;
        }

        case NI_System_Math_MultiplyAddEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalEstimate:
            return true;

        default:
            return false;
    }

#elif defined(TARGET_WASM)

    // TODO-WASM-CQ: we can likely support more intrinsics here
    switch (intrinsicName)
    {
        case NI_System_Math_Abs:
        case NI_System_Math_Ceiling:
        case NI_System_Math_Floor:
        case NI_System_Math_Max:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxNative:
        case NI_System_Math_Min:
        case NI_System_Math_MinNative:
        case NI_System_Math_Round:
        case NI_System_Math_Sqrt:
        case NI_System_Math_Truncate:
            return true;

        case NI_PRIMITIVE_LeadingZeroCount:
        case NI_PRIMITIVE_TrailingZeroCount:
        case NI_PRIMITIVE_PopCount:
            return true;

        default:
            return false;
    }
#else
    // TODO: This portion of logic is not implemented for other arch.
    // The reason for returning true is that on all other arch the only intrinsic
    // enabled are target intrinsics.
    return true;
#endif
}

/******************************************************************************/
// Returns true if the given intrinsic will be implemented by calling System.Math
// methods.

bool Compiler::IsIntrinsicImplementedByUserCall(NamedIntrinsic intrinsicName)
{
    // Currently, if a math intrinsic is not implemented by target-specific
    // instructions, it will be implemented by a System.Math call. In the
    // future, if we turn to implementing some of them with helper calls,
    // this predicate needs to be revisited.
    return !IsTargetIntrinsic(intrinsicName);
}

bool Compiler::IsMathIntrinsic(NamedIntrinsic intrinsicName)
{
    switch (intrinsicName)
    {
        case NI_System_Math_Abs:
        case NI_System_Math_Acos:
        case NI_System_Math_Acosh:
        case NI_System_Math_Asin:
        case NI_System_Math_Asinh:
        case NI_System_Math_Atan:
        case NI_System_Math_Atanh:
        case NI_System_Math_Atan2:
        case NI_System_Math_Cbrt:
        case NI_System_Math_Ceiling:
        case NI_System_Math_Cos:
        case NI_System_Math_Cosh:
        case NI_System_Math_Exp:
        case NI_System_Math_Floor:
        case NI_System_Math_FusedMultiplyAdd:
        case NI_System_Math_ILogB:
        case NI_System_Math_Log:
        case NI_System_Math_Log2:
        case NI_System_Math_Log10:
        case NI_System_Math_Max:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxMagnitude:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxMagnitudeNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxNative:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MaxUnsigned:
        case NI_System_Math_Min:
        case NI_System_Math_MinMagnitude:
        case NI_System_Math_MinMagnitudeNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MinNative:
        case NI_System_Math_MinNumber:
        case NI_System_Math_MinUnsigned:
        case NI_System_Math_MultiplyAddEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_Pow:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalSqrtEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_Round:
        case NI_System_Math_Sin:
        case NI_System_Math_Sinh:
        case NI_System_Math_Sqrt:
        case NI_System_Math_Tan:
        case NI_System_Math_Tanh:
        case NI_System_Math_Truncate:
        {
            assert((intrinsicName > NI_SYSTEM_MATH_START) && (intrinsicName < NI_SYSTEM_MATH_END));
            return true;
        }

        default:
        {
            assert((intrinsicName < NI_SYSTEM_MATH_START) || (intrinsicName > NI_SYSTEM_MATH_END));
            return false;
        }
    }
}

bool Compiler::IsBitCountingIntrinsic(NamedIntrinsic intrinsicName)
{
    switch (intrinsicName)
    {
        case NI_PRIMITIVE_LeadingZeroCount:
        case NI_PRIMITIVE_TrailingZeroCount:
        case NI_PRIMITIVE_PopCount:
            return true;

        default:
            return false;
    }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impDevirtualizeCall: Attempt to change a virtual vtable call into a
//   normal call
//
// Arguments:
//     call -- the call node to examine/modify
//     pResolvedToken -- [IN] the resolved token used to create the call. Used for R2R.
//     method   -- [IN/OUT] the method handle for call. Updated iff call devirtualized.
//     methodFlags -- [IN/OUT] flags for the method to call. Updated iff call devirtualized.
//     pContextHandle -- [IN/OUT] context handle for the call. Updated iff call devirtualized.
//     pExactContextHandle -- [OUT] updated context handle iff call devirtualized
//     isLateDevirtualization -- if devirtualization is happening after importation
//     isExplicitTailCalll -- [IN] true if we plan on using an explicit tail call
//     ilOffset -- IL offset of the call
//
// Notes:
//     Virtual calls in IL will always "invoke" the base class method.
//
//     This transformation looks for evidence that the type of 'this'
//     in the call is exactly known, is a final class or would invoke
//     a final method, and if that and other safety checks pan out,
//     modifies the call and the call info to create a direct call.
//
//     This transformation is initially done in the importer and not
//     in some subsequent optimization pass because we want it to be
//     upstream of inline candidate identification.
//
//     However, later phases may supply improved type information that
//     can enable further devirtualization. We currently reinvoke this
//     code after inlining, if the return value of the inlined call is
//     the 'this obj' of a subsequent virtual call.
//
//     If devirtualization succeeds and the call's this object is a
//     (boxed) value type, the jit will ask the EE for the unboxed entry
//     point. If this exists, the jit will invoke the unboxed entry
//     on the box payload. In addition if the boxing operation is
//     visible to the jit and the call is the only consmer of the box,
//     the jit will try analyze the box to see if the call can be instead
//     instead made on a local copy. If that is doable, the call is
//     updated to invoke the unboxed entry on the local copy and the
//     boxing operation is removed.
//
//     When guarded devirtualization is enabled, this method will mark
//     calls as guarded devirtualization candidates, if the type of `this`
//     is not exactly known, and there is a plausible guess for the type.
void Compiler::impDevirtualizeCall(GenTreeCall*            call,
                                   CORINFO_RESOLVED_TOKEN* pResolvedToken,
                                   CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE*  method,
                                   unsigned*               methodFlags,
                                   CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE* pContextHandle,
                                   CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE* pExactContextHandle,
                                   bool                    isLateDevirtualization,
                                   bool                    isExplicitTailCall,
                                   IL_OFFSET               ilOffset)
{
    assert(call != nullptr);
    assert(method != nullptr);
    assert(methodFlags != nullptr);
    assert(pContextHandle != nullptr);

    // This should be a devirtualization candidate.
    //
    assert(call->IsDevirtualizationCandidate(this));
    assert(opts.OptimizationEnabled());

#if defined(DEBUG)
    // Bail if devirt is disabled.
    if (JitConfig.JitEnableDevirtualization() == 0)
    {
        return;
    }

    // Optionally, print info on devirtualization
    Compiler* const rootCompiler = impInlineRoot();
    const bool      doPrint      = JitConfig.JitPrintDevirtualizedMethods().contains(rootCompiler->info.compMethodHnd,
                                                                                     rootCompiler->info.compClassHnd,
                                                                                     &rootCompiler->info.compMethodInfo->args);
#endif // DEBUG

    // Fetch information about the virtual method we're calling.
    CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE baseMethod        = *method;
    unsigned              baseMethodAttribs = *methodFlags;

    if (baseMethodAttribs == 0)
    {
        // For late devirt we may not have method attributes, so fetch them.
        baseMethodAttribs = info.compCompHnd->getMethodAttribs(baseMethod);
    }
    else
    {
#if defined(DEBUG)
        // Validate that callInfo has up to date method flags
        const DWORD freshBaseMethodAttribs = info.compCompHnd->getMethodAttribs(baseMethod);

        // All the base method attributes should agree, save that
        // CORINFO_FLG_DONT_INLINE may have changed from 0 to 1
        // because of concurrent jitting activity.
        //
        // Note we don't look at this particular flag bit below, and
        // later on (if we do try and inline) we will rediscover why
        // the method can't be inlined, so there's no danger here in
        // seeing this particular flag bit in different states between
        // the cached and fresh values.
        if ((freshBaseMethodAttribs & ~CORINFO_FLG_DONT_INLINE) != (baseMethodAttribs & ~CORINFO_FLG_DONT_INLINE))
        {
            assert(!"mismatched method attributes");
        }
#endif // DEBUG
    }

    // In R2R mode, we might see virtual stub calls / gvm calls to
    // non-virtuals. For instance cases where the non-virtual method
    // is in a different assembly but is called via CALLVIRT. For
    // version resilience we must allow for the fact that the method
    // might become virtual in some update.
    //
    // In non-R2R modes CALLVIRT <nonvirtual> will be turned into a
    // regular call+nullcheck by normal call importation.
    //
    if ((baseMethodAttribs & CORINFO_FLG_VIRTUAL) == 0)
    {
        assert(call->IsVirtualStub() || call->IsGenericVirtual(this));
        assert(IsAot());
        JITDUMP("\nimpDevirtualizeCall: [R2R] base method not virtual, sorry\n");
        return;
    }

    // Fetch information about the class that introduced the virtual method.
    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE baseClass        = info.compCompHnd->getMethodClass(baseMethod);
    const DWORD          baseClassAttribs = info.compCompHnd->getClassAttribs(baseClass);

    // Is the call an interface call?
    const bool isInterface = (baseClassAttribs & CORINFO_FLG_INTERFACE) != 0;

    // See what we know about the type of 'this' in the call.
    assert(call->gtArgs.HasThisPointer());
    CallArg*             thisArg      = call->gtArgs.GetThisArg();
    GenTree*             thisObj      = thisArg->GetEarlyNode()->gtEffectiveVal();
    bool                 isExact      = false;
    bool                 objIsNonNull = false;
    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE objClass     = gtGetClassHandle(thisObj, &isExact, &objIsNonNull);

    // Bail if we know nothing.
    if (objClass == NO_CLASS_HANDLE)
    {
        JITDUMP("\nimpDevirtualizeCall: no type available (op=%s)\n", GenTree::OpName(thisObj->OperGet()));

        // Don't try guarded devirtualiztion when we're doing late devirtualization.
        //
        if (isLateDevirtualization)
        {
            JITDUMP("No guarded devirt during late devirtualization\n");
            return;
        }

        considerGuardedDevirtualization(call, ilOffset, isInterface, baseMethod, baseClass, pContextHandle);

        return;
    }

    // If the objClass is sealed (final), then we may be able to devirtualize.
    const DWORD objClassAttribs = info.compCompHnd->getClassAttribs(objClass);
    const bool  objClassIsFinal = (objClassAttribs & CORINFO_FLG_FINAL) != 0;

#if defined(DEBUG)
    const char* callKind       = isInterface ? "interface" : "virtual";
    const char* objClassNote   = "[?]";
    const char* objClassName   = "?objClass";
    const char* baseClassName  = "?baseClass";
    const char* baseMethodName = "?baseMethod";

    if (verbose || doPrint)
    {
        objClassNote   = isExact ? " [exact]" : objClassIsFinal ? " [final]" : "";
        objClassName   = eeGetClassName(objClass);
        baseClassName  = eeGetClassName(baseClass);
        baseMethodName = eeGetMethodName(baseMethod);

        if (verbose)
        {
            printf("\nimpDevirtualizeCall: Trying to devirtualize %s call:\n"
                   "    class for 'this' is %s%s (attrib %08x)\n"
                   "    base method is %s::%s\n",
                   callKind, objClassName, objClassNote, objClassAttribs, baseClassName, baseMethodName);
        }
    }
#endif // defined(DEBUG)

    // See if the jit's best type for `obj` is an interface.
    // See for instance System.ValueTuple`8::GetHashCode, where lcl 0 is System.IValueTupleInternal
    //   IL_021d:  ldloc.0
    //   IL_021e:  callvirt   instance int32 System.Object::GetHashCode()
    //
    // If so, we can't devirtualize, but we may be able to do guarded devirtualization.
    //
    if ((objClassAttribs & CORINFO_FLG_INTERFACE) != 0)
    {
        // Don't try guarded devirtualiztion when we're doing late devirtualization.
        //
        if (isLateDevirtualization)
        {
            JITDUMP("No guarded devirt during late devirtualization\n");
            return;
        }

        considerGuardedDevirtualization(call, ilOffset, isInterface, baseMethod, baseClass, pContextHandle);
        return;
    }

    // If we get this far, the jit has a lower bound class type for the `this` object being used for dispatch.
    // It may or may not know enough to devirtualize...
    if (isInterface)
    {
        assert(call->IsVirtualStub() || call->IsGenericVirtual(this));
        JITDUMP("--- base class is interface\n");
    }

    // Fetch the method that would be called based on the declared type of 'this',
    // and prepare to fetch the method attributes.
    //
    CORINFO_DEVIRTUALIZATION_INFO dvInfo;
    dvInfo.virtualMethod               = baseMethod;
    dvInfo.objClass                    = objClass;
    dvInfo.context                     = *pContextHandle;
    dvInfo.detail                      = CORINFO_DEVIRTUALIZATION_UNKNOWN;
    dvInfo.pResolvedTokenVirtualMethod = pResolvedToken;

    JITDUMP("ResolveVirtualMethod (method %p class %p context %p)\n", dvInfo.virtualMethod, dvInfo.objClass,
            dvInfo.context);

    info.compCompHnd->resolveVirtualMethod(&dvInfo);

    CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE   derivedMethod         = dvInfo.devirtualizedMethod;
    CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE  exactContext          = dvInfo.exactContext;
    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE    derivedClass          = NO_CLASS_HANDLE;
    CORINFO_RESOLVED_TOKEN* pDerivedResolvedToken = &dvInfo.resolvedTokenDevirtualizedMethod;

    if (derivedMethod != nullptr)
    {
        assert(exactContext != nullptr);

        if (((size_t)exactContext & CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_MASK) == CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_CLASS)
        {
            assert(!dvInfo.needsMethodContext);
            derivedClass = (CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE)((size_t)exactContext & ~CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_MASK);
        }
        else
        {
            // Array interface devirt can return a nonvirtual generic method of the non-generic SZArrayHelper class.
            // Generic virtual method devirt also returns a generic method.
            //
            assert(call->IsGenericVirtual(this) || dvInfo.needsMethodContext);
            assert(((size_t)exactContext & CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_MASK) == CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_METHOD);
            derivedClass = info.compCompHnd->getMethodClass(derivedMethod);
        }
    }

    DWORD derivedMethodAttribs = 0;
    bool  derivedMethodIsFinal = false;
    bool  canDevirtualize      = false;

#if defined(DEBUG)
    const char* derivedClassName  = "?derivedClass";
    const char* derivedMethodName = "?derivedMethod";
    const char* note              = "inexact or not final";
    const char* instArg           = "";
#endif

    CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE instantiatingStub = NO_METHOD_HANDLE;

    if (dvInfo.isInstantiatingStub)
    {
        // We should only end up with generic methods that needs a method context (eg. array interface, GVM).
        //
        assert(dvInfo.needsMethodContext);

        // We don't expect NAOT to end up here, since it has Array<T>
        // and normal devirtualization.
        //
        assert(!IsTargetAbi(CORINFO_NATIVEAOT_ABI));

        // We don't expect R2R to end up here, since it does not (yet) support
        // array interface devirtualization.
        //
        assert(!IsAot());

        // We don't expect there to be an existing inst param arg.
        //
        CallArg* const instParam = call->gtArgs.FindWellKnownArg(WellKnownArg::InstParam);
        if (instParam != nullptr)
        {
            assert(!"unexpected inst param in virtual/interface call");
            return;
        }

        // If we don't know the array type exactly we may have the wrong interface type here.
        // Bail out.
        //
        if (!isExact)
        {
            JITDUMP("Array interface devirt: array type is inexact, sorry.\n");
            return;
        }

        // We want to inline the instantiating stub. Fetch the relevant info.
        //
        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE ignored = NO_CLASS_HANDLE;
        derivedMethod = info.compCompHnd->getInstantiatedEntry(derivedMethod, &instantiatingStub, &ignored);
        assert(ignored == NO_CLASS_HANDLE);
        assert((derivedMethod == NO_METHOD_HANDLE) || (instantiatingStub != NO_METHOD_HANDLE));
    }

    // If we failed to get a method handle, we can't directly devirtualize.
    //
    // This can happen with AOT, if the devirtualization crosses
    // servicing bubble boundaries, or if objClass is a shared class.
    //
    if (derivedMethod == nullptr)
    {
        JITDUMP("--- no derived method: %s\n", devirtualizationDetailToString(dvInfo.detail));
    }
    else
    {
        // Fetch method attributes to see if method is marked final.
        derivedMethodAttribs = info.compCompHnd->getMethodAttribs(derivedMethod);
        derivedMethodIsFinal = ((derivedMethodAttribs & CORINFO_FLG_FINAL) != 0);

#if defined(DEBUG)
        if (isExact)
        {
            note = "exact";
        }
        else if (objClassIsFinal)
        {
            note = "final class";
        }
        else if (derivedMethodIsFinal)
        {
            note = "final method";
        }
        if (dvInfo.isInstantiatingStub)
        {
            instArg = " [instantiating stub]";
        }

        if (verbose || doPrint)
        {
            derivedMethodName = eeGetMethodName(derivedMethod);
            derivedClassName  = eeGetClassName(derivedClass);
            if (verbose)
            {
                printf("    devirt to %s::%s -- %s%s\n", derivedClassName, derivedMethodName, note, instArg);
                gtDispTree(call);
            }
        }
#endif // defined(DEBUG)

        canDevirtualize = isExact || objClassIsFinal || (!isInterface && derivedMethodIsFinal);
    }

    // We still might be able to do a guarded devirtualization.
    // Note the call might be an interface call or a virtual call.
    //
    if (!canDevirtualize)
    {
        JITDUMP("    Class not final or exact%s\n", isInterface ? "" : ", and method not final");

#if defined(DEBUG)
        // If we know the object type exactly, we generally expect we can devirtualize.
        // (don't when doing late devirt as we won't have an owner type (yet))
        //
        if (!isLateDevirtualization && (isExact || objClassIsFinal) && JitConfig.JitNoteFailedExactDevirtualization())
        {
            printf("@@@ Exact/Final devirt failure in %s at [%06u] $ %s\n", info.compFullName, dspTreeID(call),
                   devirtualizationDetailToString(dvInfo.detail));
        }
#endif

        // Don't try guarded devirtualiztion if we're doing late devirtualization.
        //
        if (isLateDevirtualization)
        {
            JITDUMP("No guarded devirt during late devirtualization\n");
            return;
        }

        considerGuardedDevirtualization(call, ilOffset, isInterface, baseMethod, objClass, pContextHandle);
        return;
    }

    // All checks done. Time to transform the call.
    //
    assert(canDevirtualize);
    Metrics.DevirtualizedCall++;

    JITDUMP("    %s; can devirtualize\n", note);

    if (dvInfo.isInstantiatingStub)
    {
        // Pass the instantiating stub method desc as the inst param arg.
        //
        // Note different embedding would be needed for NAOT/R2R,
        // but we have ruled those out above.
        //
        GenTree* const instParam = gtNewIconEmbMethHndNode(instantiatingStub);
        call->gtArgs.InsertInstParam(this, instParam);
    }

    // Make the updates.
    call->gtFlags &= ~GTF_CALL_VIRT_VTABLE;
    call->gtFlags &= ~GTF_CALL_VIRT_STUB;
    call->gtCallMethHnd = derivedMethod;
    call->gtCallType    = CT_USER_FUNC;
    call->gtControlExpr = nullptr;
    INDEBUG(call->gtCallDebugFlags |= GTF_CALL_MD_DEVIRTUALIZED);

    // Virtual calls include an implicit null check, which we may
    // now need to make explicit.
    if (!objIsNonNull)
    {
        call->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL_NULLCHECK;
    }

    // Clear the inline candidate info (may be non-null since
    // it's a union field used for other things by virtual
    // stubs)
    call->ClearInlineInfo();

#if defined(DEBUG)
    if (verbose)
    {
        printf("... after devirt...\n");
        gtDispTree(call);
    }

    if (doPrint)
    {
        printf("Devirtualized %s call to %s:%s; now direct call to %s:%s [%s]\n", callKind, baseClassName,
               baseMethodName, derivedClassName, derivedMethodName, note);
    }

    // If we successfully devirtualized based on an exact or final class,
    // and we have dynamic PGO data describing the likely class, make sure they agree.
    //
    // If pgo source is not dynamic we may see likely classes from other versions of this code
    // where types had different properties.
    //
    // If method is an inlinee we may be specializing to a class that wasn't seen at runtime.
    //
    const bool canSensiblyCheck =
        (isExact || objClassIsFinal) && (fgPgoSource == ICorJitInfo::PgoSource::Dynamic) && !compIsForInlining();
    if (JitConfig.JitCrossCheckDevirtualizationAndPGO() && canSensiblyCheck)
    {
        // We only can handle a single likely class for now
        const int               maxLikelyClasses = 1;
        LikelyClassMethodRecord likelyClasses[maxLikelyClasses];

        UINT32 numberOfClasses =
            getLikelyClasses(likelyClasses, maxLikelyClasses, fgPgoSchema, fgPgoSchemaCount, fgPgoData, ilOffset);
        UINT32 likelihood = likelyClasses[0].likelihood;

        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE likelyClass = (CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE)likelyClasses[0].handle;

        if (numberOfClasses > 0)
        {
            // PGO had better agree the class we devirtualized to is plausible.
            //
            if (likelyClass != derivedClass)
            {
                // Managed type system may report different addresses for a class handle
                // at different times....?
                //
                // Also, AOT may have a more nuanced notion of class equality.
                //
                if (!IsAot())
                {
                    bool mismatch = true;

                    // derivedClass will be the introducer of derived method, so it's possible
                    // likelyClass is a non-overriding subclass. Check up the hierarchy.
                    //
                    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE parentClass = likelyClass;
                    while (parentClass != NO_CLASS_HANDLE)
                    {
                        if (parentClass == derivedClass)
                        {
                            mismatch = false;
                            break;
                        }

                        parentClass = info.compCompHnd->getParentType(parentClass);
                    }

                    if (mismatch || (numberOfClasses != 1) || (likelihood != 100))
                    {
                        printf("@@@ Likely %p (%s) != Derived %p (%s) [n=%u, l=%u, il=%u] in %s \n", likelyClass,
                               eeGetClassName(likelyClass), derivedClass, eeGetClassName(derivedClass), numberOfClasses,
                               likelihood, ilOffset, info.compFullName);
                    }

                    assert(!(mismatch || (numberOfClasses != 1) || (likelihood != 100)));
                }
            }
        }
    }
#endif // defined(DEBUG)

    // If the 'this' object is a value class, see if we can rework the call to invoke the
    // unboxed entry. This effectively inlines the normally un-inlineable wrapper stub
    // and exposes the potentially inlinable unboxed entry method.
    //
    // We won't optimize explicit tail calls, as ensuring we get the right tail call info
    // is tricky (we'd need to pass an updated sig and resolved token back to some callers).
    //
    // Note we may not have a derived class in some cases (eg interface call on an array)
    //
    if (info.compCompHnd->isValueClass(derivedClass))
    {
        if (isExplicitTailCall)
        {
            JITDUMP("Have a direct explicit tail call to boxed entry point; can't optimize further\n");
        }
        else
        {
            JITDUMP("Have a direct call to boxed entry point. Trying to optimize to call an unboxed entry point\n");

            // Note for some shared methods the unboxed entry point requires an extra parameter.
            bool                  requiresInstMethodTableArg = false;
            CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE unboxedEntryMethod =
                info.compCompHnd->getUnboxedEntry(derivedMethod, &requiresInstMethodTableArg);

            if (unboxedEntryMethod != nullptr)
            {
                bool optimizedTheBox = false;

                // If the 'this' object is a local box, see if we can revise things
                // to not require boxing.
                //
                if (thisObj->IsBoxedValue() && !isExplicitTailCall)
                {
                    // Since the call is the only consumer of the box, we know the box can't escape
                    // since it is being passed an interior pointer.
                    //
                    // So, revise the box to simply create a local copy, use the address of that copy
                    // as the this pointer, and update the entry point to the unboxed entry.
                    //
                    // Ideally, we then inline the boxed method and and if it turns out not to modify
                    // the copy, we can undo the copy too.
                    GenTree* localCopyThis = nullptr;

                    if (requiresInstMethodTableArg)
                    {
                        // Perform a trial box removal and ask for the type handle tree that fed the box.
                        //
                        JITDUMP("Unboxed entry needs method table arg...\n");
                        GenTree* methodTableArg =
                            gtTryRemoveBoxUpstreamEffects(thisObj, BR_DONT_REMOVE_WANT_TYPE_HANDLE);

                        if (methodTableArg != nullptr)
                        {
                            // If that worked, turn the box into a copy to a local var
                            //
                            JITDUMP("Found suitable method table arg tree [%06u]\n", dspTreeID(methodTableArg));
                            localCopyThis = gtTryRemoveBoxUpstreamEffects(thisObj, BR_MAKE_LOCAL_COPY);

                            if (localCopyThis != nullptr)
                            {
                                // Pass the local var as this and the type handle as a new arg
                                //
                                JITDUMP("Success! invoking unboxed entry point on local copy, and passing method table "
                                        "arg\n");
                                // TODO-CallArgs-REVIEW: Might discard commas otherwise?
                                assert(thisObj == thisArg->GetEarlyNode());
                                thisArg->SetEarlyNode(localCopyThis);
                                INDEBUG(call->gtCallDebugFlags |= GTF_CALL_MD_UNBOXED);

                                call->gtArgs.InsertInstParam(this, methodTableArg);

                                call->gtCallMethHnd   = unboxedEntryMethod;
                                derivedMethod         = unboxedEntryMethod;
                                pDerivedResolvedToken = &dvInfo.resolvedTokenDevirtualizedUnboxedMethod;

                                // Method attributes will differ because unboxed entry point is shared
                                //
                                const DWORD unboxedMethodAttribs =
                                    info.compCompHnd->getMethodAttribs(unboxedEntryMethod);
                                JITDUMP("Updating method attribs from 0x%08x to 0x%08x\n", derivedMethodAttribs,
                                        unboxedMethodAttribs);
                                derivedMethodAttribs = unboxedMethodAttribs;
                                optimizedTheBox      = true;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                JITDUMP("Sorry, failed to undo the box -- can't convert to local copy\n");
                            }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            JITDUMP("Sorry, failed to undo the box -- can't find method table arg\n");
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        JITDUMP("Found unboxed entry point, trying to simplify box to a local copy\n");
                        localCopyThis = gtTryRemoveBoxUpstreamEffects(thisObj, BR_MAKE_LOCAL_COPY);

                        if (localCopyThis != nullptr)
                        {
                            JITDUMP("Success! invoking unboxed entry point on local copy\n");
                            assert(thisObj == thisArg->GetEarlyNode());
                            // TODO-CallArgs-REVIEW: Might discard commas otherwise?
                            thisArg->SetEarlyNode(localCopyThis);
                            call->gtCallMethHnd = unboxedEntryMethod;
                            INDEBUG(call->gtCallDebugFlags |= GTF_CALL_MD_UNBOXED);
                            derivedMethod         = unboxedEntryMethod;
                            pDerivedResolvedToken = &dvInfo.resolvedTokenDevirtualizedUnboxedMethod;

                            optimizedTheBox = true;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            JITDUMP("Sorry, failed to undo the box\n");
                        }
                    }

                    if (optimizedTheBox)
                    {
                        assert(localCopyThis->IsLclVarAddr());

                        // We may end up inlining this call, so the local copy must be marked as "aliased",
                        // making sure the inlinee importer will know when to spill references to its value.
                        lvaGetDesc(localCopyThis->AsLclFld())->lvHasLdAddrOp = true;
                        Metrics.DevirtualizedCallRemovedBox++;
                        Metrics.DevirtualizedCallUnboxedEntry++;

#if FEATURE_TAILCALL_OPT
                        if (call->IsImplicitTailCall())
                        {
                            JITDUMP("Clearing the implicit tail call flag\n");

                            // If set, we clear the implicit tail call flag
                            // as we just introduced a new address taken local variable
                            //
                            call->gtCallMoreFlags &= ~GTF_CALL_M_IMPLICIT_TAILCALL;
                        }
#endif // FEATURE_TAILCALL_OPT
                    }
                }

                if (!optimizedTheBox)
                {
                    // If we get here, we have a boxed value class that either wasn't boxed
                    // locally, or was boxed locally but we were unable to remove the box for
                    // various reasons.
                    //
                    // We can still update the call to invoke the unboxed entry, if the
                    // boxed value is simple.
                    //
                    if (requiresInstMethodTableArg)
                    {
                        // Get the method table from the boxed object.
                        //
                        // TODO-CallArgs-REVIEW: Use thisObj here? Differs by gtEffectiveVal.
                        GenTree* const clonedThisArg = gtClone(thisArg->GetEarlyNode());

                        if (clonedThisArg == nullptr)
                        {
                            JITDUMP(
                                "unboxed entry needs MT arg, but `this` was too complex to clone. Deferring update.\n");
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            JITDUMP("revising call to invoke unboxed entry with additional method table arg\n");

                            GenTree* const methodTableArg = gtNewMethodTableLookup(clonedThisArg);

                            // Update the 'this' pointer to refer to the box payload
                            //
                            GenTree* const payloadOffset = gtNewIconNode(TARGET_POINTER_SIZE, TYP_I_IMPL);
                            GenTree* const boxPayload =
                                gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, TYP_BYREF, thisArg->GetEarlyNode(), payloadOffset);

                            assert(thisObj == thisArg->GetEarlyNode());
                            thisArg->SetEarlyNode(boxPayload);
                            call->gtCallMethHnd = unboxedEntryMethod;
                            INDEBUG(call->gtCallDebugFlags |= GTF_CALL_MD_UNBOXED);

                            // Method attributes will differ because unboxed entry point is shared
                            //
                            const DWORD unboxedMethodAttribs = info.compCompHnd->getMethodAttribs(unboxedEntryMethod);
                            JITDUMP("Updating method attribs from 0x%08x to 0x%08x\n", derivedMethodAttribs,
                                    unboxedMethodAttribs);
                            derivedMethod         = unboxedEntryMethod;
                            pDerivedResolvedToken = &dvInfo.resolvedTokenDevirtualizedUnboxedMethod;
                            derivedMethodAttribs  = unboxedMethodAttribs;

                            call->gtArgs.InsertInstParam(this, methodTableArg);
                            Metrics.DevirtualizedCallUnboxedEntry++;
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        JITDUMP("revising call to invoke unboxed entry\n");

                        GenTree* const payloadOffset = gtNewIconNode(TARGET_POINTER_SIZE, TYP_I_IMPL);
                        GenTree* const boxPayload =
                            gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, TYP_BYREF, thisArg->GetEarlyNode(), payloadOffset);

                        thisArg->SetEarlyNode(boxPayload);
                        call->gtCallMethHnd = unboxedEntryMethod;
                        INDEBUG(call->gtCallDebugFlags |= GTF_CALL_MD_UNBOXED);
                        derivedMethod         = unboxedEntryMethod;
                        pDerivedResolvedToken = &dvInfo.resolvedTokenDevirtualizedUnboxedMethod;
                        Metrics.DevirtualizedCallUnboxedEntry++;
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                // Many of the low-level methods on value classes won't have unboxed entries,
                // as they need access to the type of the object.
                //
                // Note this may be a cue for us to stack allocate the boxed object, since
                // we probably know that these objects don't escape.
                JITDUMP("Sorry, failed to find unboxed entry point\n");
            }
        }
    }

    // Need to update call info too.
    //
    *method      = derivedMethod;
    *methodFlags = derivedMethodAttribs;

    // Update context handle
    //
    *pContextHandle = MAKE_METHODCONTEXT(derivedMethod);

    // Update exact context handle.
    //
    if (pExactContextHandle != nullptr)
    {
        *pExactContextHandle = exactContext;
    }

    // We might have created a new recursive tail call candidate.
    //
    if (call->CanTailCall() && gtIsRecursiveCall(derivedMethod))
    {
        setMethodHasRecursiveTailcall();
        compCurBB->SetFlags(BBF_RECURSIVE_TAILCALL);
    }

#ifdef FEATURE_READYTORUN
    if (IsAot())
    {
        // For R2R, getCallInfo triggers bookkeeping on the zap
        // side and acquires the actual symbol to call so we need to call it here.

        // Look up the new call info.
        CORINFO_CALL_INFO derivedCallInfo;
        eeGetCallInfo(pDerivedResolvedToken, nullptr, CORINFO_CALLINFO_ALLOWINSTPARAM, &derivedCallInfo);

        // Update the call.
        call->gtCallMoreFlags &= ~GTF_CALL_M_VIRTSTUB_REL_INDIRECT;
        call->setEntryPoint(derivedCallInfo.codePointerLookup.constLookup);
    }
#endif // FEATURE_READYTORUN
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impConsiderCallProbe: Consider whether a call should get a histogram probe
// and mark it if so.
//
// Arguments:
//     call - The call
//     ilOffset - The precise IL offset of the call
//
// Returns:
//     True if the call was marked such that we will add a class or method probe for it.
//
bool Compiler::impConsiderCallProbe(GenTreeCall* call, IL_OFFSET ilOffset)
{
    // Possibly instrument. Note for OSR+PGO we will instrument when
    // optimizing and (currently) won't devirtualize. We may want
    // to revisit -- if we can devirtualize we should be able to
    // suppress the probe.
    //
    if (!opts.jitFlags->IsSet(JitFlags::JIT_FLAG_BBINSTR))
    {
        return false;
    }

    assert(opts.OptimizationDisabled() || opts.IsInstrumentedAndOptimized());

    // During importation, optionally flag this block as one that
    // contains calls requiring class profiling. Ideally perhaps
    // we'd just keep track of the calls themselves, so we don't
    // have to search for them later.
    //
    if (compClassifyGDVProbeType(call) == GDVProbeType::None)
    {
        return false;
    }

    JITDUMP("\n ... marking [%06u] in " FMT_BB " for method/class profile instrumentation\n", dspTreeID(call),
            compCurBB->bbNum);
    HandleHistogramProfileCandidateInfo* pInfo = new (this, CMK_Inlining) HandleHistogramProfileCandidateInfo;

    // Record some info needed for the class profiling probe.
    //
    pInfo->ilOffset                             = ilOffset;
    pInfo->probeIndex                           = info.compHandleHistogramProbeCount++;
    call->gtHandleHistogramProfileCandidateInfo = pInfo;

    // Flag block as needing scrutiny
    //
    compCurBB->SetFlags(BBF_HAS_HISTOGRAM_PROFILE);
    return true;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// compClassifyGDVProbeType:
//   Classify the type of GDV probe to use for a call site.
//
// Arguments:
//     call - The call
//
// Returns:
//     The type of probe to use.
//
Compiler::GDVProbeType Compiler::compClassifyGDVProbeType(GenTreeCall* call)
{
    if (!opts.jitFlags->IsSet(JitFlags::JIT_FLAG_BBINSTR) || IsAot())
    {
        return GDVProbeType::None;
    }

    bool createTypeHistogram = false;
    if (JitConfig.JitClassProfiling() > 0)
    {
        createTypeHistogram = call->IsVirtualStub() || call->IsVirtualVtable();

        // Cast helpers may conditionally (depending on whether the class is
        // exact or not) have probes. For those helpers we do not use this
        // function to classify the probe type until after we have decided on
        // whether we probe them or not.
        createTypeHistogram = createTypeHistogram || (impIsCastHelperEligibleForClassProbe(call) &&
                                                      (call->gtHandleHistogramProfileCandidateInfo != nullptr));
    }

    bool createMethodHistogram = ((JitConfig.JitDelegateProfiling() > 0) && call->IsDelegateInvoke()) ||
                                 ((JitConfig.JitVTableProfiling() > 0) && call->IsVirtualVtable());

    if (createTypeHistogram && createMethodHistogram)
    {
        return GDVProbeType::MethodAndClassProfile;
    }

    if (createTypeHistogram)
    {
        return GDVProbeType::ClassProfile;
    }

    if (createMethodHistogram)
    {
        return GDVProbeType::MethodProfile;
    }

    return GDVProbeType::None;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impGetSpecialIntrinsicExactReturnType: Look for special cases where a call
//   to an intrinsic returns an exact type
//
// Arguments:
//     methodHnd -- handle for the special intrinsic method
//
// Returns:
//     Exact class handle returned by the intrinsic call, if known.
//     Nullptr if not known, or not likely to lead to beneficial optimization.
//
// Notes:
//     This computes the return type for generic factory methods, where
//     the type returned is determined by a generic method or class parameter.
//
CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE Compiler::impGetSpecialIntrinsicExactReturnType(GenTreeCall* call)
{
    CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE methodHnd = call->gtCallMethHnd;
    JITDUMP("Special intrinsic: looking for exact type returned by %s\n", eeGetMethodFullName(methodHnd));

    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE result = nullptr;

    // See what intrinsic we have...
    const NamedIntrinsic ni = lookupNamedIntrinsic(methodHnd);
    switch (ni)
    {
        case NI_System_Collections_Generic_Comparer_get_Default:
        case NI_System_Collections_Generic_EqualityComparer_get_Default:
        case NI_System_Array_T_GetEnumerator:
        {
            // Expect one class generic parameter; figure out which it is.
            CORINFO_SIG_INFO sig;
            info.compCompHnd->getMethodSig(methodHnd, &sig);
            assert(sig.sigInst.classInstCount == 1);

            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE typeHnd = sig.sigInst.classInst[0];
            assert(typeHnd != nullptr);

            CallArg* instParam = call->gtArgs.FindWellKnownArg(WellKnownArg::InstParam);
            if (instParam != nullptr)
            {
                assert(instParam->GetNext() == nullptr);
                CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE hClass = gtGetHelperArgClassHandle(instParam->GetNode());
                if (hClass != NO_CLASS_HANDLE)
                {
                    typeHnd = getTypeInstantiationArgument(hClass, 0);
                }
            }

            if (ni == NI_System_Collections_Generic_EqualityComparer_get_Default)
            {
                result = info.compCompHnd->getDefaultEqualityComparerClass(typeHnd);
            }
            else if (ni == NI_System_Collections_Generic_Comparer_get_Default)
            {
                result = info.compCompHnd->getDefaultComparerClass(typeHnd);
            }
            else
            {
                assert(ni == NI_System_Array_T_GetEnumerator);
                result = info.compCompHnd->getSZArrayHelperEnumeratorClass(typeHnd);
            }

            if (result != NO_CLASS_HANDLE)
            {
                JITDUMP("Special intrinsic for type %s: return type is %s\n", eeGetClassName(typeHnd),
                        result != nullptr ? eeGetClassName(result) : "unknown");
            }
            else
            {
                JITDUMP("Special intrinsic for type %s: return type undetermined, so deferring opt\n",
                        eeGetClassName(typeHnd));
            }
            break;
        }

        case NI_System_SZArrayHelper_GetEnumerator:
        {
            // Expect one method generic parameter; figure out which it is.
            CORINFO_SIG_INFO sig;
            info.compCompHnd->getMethodSig(methodHnd, &sig);
            assert(sig.sigInst.methInstCount == 1);
            assert(sig.sigInst.classInstCount == 0);

            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE typeHnd = sig.sigInst.methInst[0];
            assert(typeHnd != nullptr);

            CallArg* instParam = call->gtArgs.FindWellKnownArg(WellKnownArg::InstParam);
            if (instParam != nullptr)
            {
                assert(instParam->GetNext() == nullptr);
                CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE hMethod = gtGetHelperArgMethodHandle(instParam->GetNode());
                if (hMethod != NO_METHOD_HANDLE)
                {
                    typeHnd = getMethodInstantiationArgument(hMethod, 0);
                }
            }

            result = info.compCompHnd->getSZArrayHelperEnumeratorClass(typeHnd);

            if (result != NO_CLASS_HANDLE)
            {
                JITDUMP("Special intrinsic for type %s: return type is %s\n", eeGetClassName(typeHnd),
                        result != nullptr ? eeGetClassName(result) : "unknown");
            }
            else
            {
                JITDUMP("Special intrinsic for type %s: return type undetermined, so deferring opt\n",
                        eeGetClassName(typeHnd));
            }
            break;
        }

        default:
        {
            JITDUMP("This special intrinsic not handled, sorry...\n");
            break;
        }
    }

    return result;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impTailCallRetTypeCompatible: Checks whether the return types of caller
//    and callee are compatible so that calle can be tail called.
//    sizes are not supported integral type sizes return values to temps.
//
// Arguments:
//     allowWidening -- whether to allow implicit widening by the callee.
//                      For instance, allowing int32 -> int16 tailcalls.
//                      The managed calling convention allows this, but
//                      we don't want explicit tailcalls to depend on this
//                      detail of the managed calling convention.
//     callerRetType -- the caller's return type
//     callerRetTypeClass - the caller's return struct type
//     callerCallConv -- calling convention of the caller
//     calleeRetType -- the callee's return type
//     calleeRetTypeClass - the callee return struct type
//     calleeCallConv -- calling convention of the callee
//
// Returns:
//     True if the tailcall types are compatible.
//
// Remarks:
//     Note that here we don't check compatibility in IL Verifier sense, but on the
//     lines of return types getting returned in the same return register.
bool Compiler::impTailCallRetTypeCompatible(bool                     allowWidening,
                                            var_types                callerRetType,
                                            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE     callerRetTypeClass,
                                            CorInfoCallConvExtension callerCallConv,
                                            var_types                calleeRetType,
                                            CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE     calleeRetTypeClass,
                                            CorInfoCallConvExtension calleeCallConv)
{
    // Early out if the types are the same.
    if (callerRetType == calleeRetType)
    {
        return true;
    }

    // For integral types the managed calling convention dictates that callee
    // will widen the return value to 4 bytes, so we can allow implicit widening
    // in managed to managed tailcalls when dealing with <= 4 bytes.
    bool isManaged =
        (callerCallConv == CorInfoCallConvExtension::Managed) && (calleeCallConv == CorInfoCallConvExtension::Managed);

    if (allowWidening && isManaged && varTypeIsIntegral(callerRetType) && varTypeIsIntegral(calleeRetType) &&
        (genTypeSize(callerRetType) <= 4) && (genTypeSize(calleeRetType) <= genTypeSize(callerRetType)))
    {
        return true;
    }

    // If the class handles are the same and not null, the return types are compatible.
    if ((callerRetTypeClass != nullptr) && (callerRetTypeClass == calleeRetTypeClass))
    {
        return true;
    }

#ifdef TARGET_64BIT
    // Jit64 compat:
    if (callerRetType == TYP_VOID)
    {
        // This needs to be allowed to support the following IL pattern that Jit64 allows:
        //     tail.call
        //     pop
        //     ret
        //
        // Note that the above IL pattern is not valid as per IL verification rules.
        // Therefore, only full trust code can take advantage of this pattern.
        return true;
    }

    // These checks return true if the return value type sizes are the same and
    // get returned in the same return register i.e. caller doesn't need to normalize
    // return value. Some of the tail calls permitted by below checks would have
    // been rejected by IL Verifier before we reached here.  Therefore, only full
    // trust code can make those tail calls.
    unsigned callerRetTypeSize = 0;
    unsigned calleeRetTypeSize = 0;
    bool isCallerRetTypMBEnreg = VarTypeIsMultiByteAndCanEnreg(callerRetType, callerRetTypeClass, &callerRetTypeSize,
                                                               info.compIsVarArgs, callerCallConv);
    bool isCalleeRetTypMBEnreg = VarTypeIsMultiByteAndCanEnreg(calleeRetType, calleeRetTypeClass, &calleeRetTypeSize,
                                                               info.compIsVarArgs, calleeCallConv);

    if (varTypeIsIntegral(callerRetType) || isCallerRetTypMBEnreg)
    {
        return (varTypeIsIntegral(calleeRetType) || isCalleeRetTypMBEnreg) && (callerRetTypeSize == calleeRetTypeSize);
    }
#endif // TARGET_64BIT

    return false;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impCheckCanInline: do more detailed checks to determine if a method can
//   be inlined, and collect information that will be needed later
//
// Arguments:
//   call - inline candidate
//   candidateIndex - index of inline candidate in the call's inline candidate list
//   fncHandle - method that will be called
//   methAttr - attributes for the method
//   exactContextHnd - exact context for the method
//   inlinersContext - the inliner's context
//   ppInlineCandidateInfo [out] - information needed later for inlining
//   inlineResult - result of ongoing inline evaluation
//
// Notes:
//   Will update inlineResult with observations and possible failure
//   status (if method cannot be inlined)
//
void Compiler::impCheckCanInline(GenTreeCall*           call,
                                 uint8_t                candidateIndex,
                                 CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE  fncHandle,
                                 unsigned               methAttr,
                                 CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE exactContextHnd,
                                 InlineContext*         inlinersContext,
                                 InlineCandidateInfo**  ppInlineCandidateInfo,
                                 InlineResult*          inlineResult)
{
    // Either EE or JIT might throw exceptions below.
    // If that happens, just don't inline the method.
    //
    struct Param
    {
        Compiler*              pThis;
        GenTreeCall*           call;
        uint8_t                candidateIndex;
        CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE  fncHandle;
        unsigned               methAttr;
        CORINFO_CONTEXT_HANDLE exactContextHnd;
        InlineContext*         inlinersContext;
        InlineResult*          result;
        InlineCandidateInfo**  ppInlineCandidateInfo;
    } param;
    memset(&param, 0, sizeof(param));

    param.pThis                 = this;
    param.call                  = call;
    param.candidateIndex        = candidateIndex;
    param.fncHandle             = fncHandle;
    param.methAttr              = methAttr;
    param.exactContextHnd       = (exactContextHnd != nullptr) ? exactContextHnd : MAKE_METHODCONTEXT(fncHandle);
    param.inlinersContext       = inlinersContext;
    param.result                = inlineResult;
    param.ppInlineCandidateInfo = ppInlineCandidateInfo;

    bool success = eeRunWithErrorTrap<Param>(
        [](Param* pParam) {
        // Cache some frequently accessed state.
        //
        Compiler* const       compiler     = pParam->pThis;
        COMP_HANDLE           compCompHnd  = compiler->info.compCompHnd;
        CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE ftn          = pParam->fncHandle;
        InlineResult* const   inlineResult = pParam->result;

        if (JitConfig.JitNoInline())
        {
            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_IS_JIT_NOINLINE);
            return;
        }

        JITDUMP("\nCheckCanInline: fetching method info for inline candidate %s -- context %p\n",
                compiler->eeGetMethodName(ftn), compiler->dspPtr(pParam->exactContextHnd));

        if (pParam->exactContextHnd == METHOD_BEING_COMPILED_CONTEXT())
        {
            JITDUMP("Current method context\n");
        }
        else if ((((size_t)pParam->exactContextHnd & CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_MASK) == CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_METHOD))
        {
            JITDUMP("Method context: %s\n",
                    compiler->eeGetMethodFullName((CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE)pParam->exactContextHnd));
        }
        else
        {
            JITDUMP("Class context: %s\n",
                    compiler->eeGetClassName(
                        (CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE)((size_t)pParam->exactContextHnd & ~CORINFO_CONTEXTFLAGS_MASK)));
        }

        // Fetch method info. This may fail, if the method doesn't have IL.
        //
        CORINFO_METHOD_INFO methInfo;
        if (!compCompHnd->getMethodInfo(ftn, &methInfo, pParam->exactContextHnd))
        {
            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_NO_METHOD_INFO);
            return;
        }

        // Profile data allows us to avoid early "too many IL bytes" outs.
        //
        inlineResult->NoteBool(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_HAS_PROFILE_WEIGHTS,
                               compiler->fgHaveSufficientProfileWeights());
        inlineResult->NoteBool(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_INSIDE_THROW_BLOCK, compiler->compCurBB->KindIs(BBJ_THROW));

        bool const forceInline = (pParam->methAttr & CORINFO_FLG_FORCEINLINE) != 0;

        compiler->impCanInlineIL(ftn, &methInfo, forceInline, inlineResult);

        if (inlineResult->IsFailure())
        {
            assert(inlineResult->IsNever());
            return;
        }

        // Speculatively check if initClass() can be done.
        // If it can be done, we will try to inline the method.
        CorInfoInitClassResult const initClassResult =
            compCompHnd->initClass(nullptr /* field */, ftn /* method */, pParam->exactContextHnd /* context */);

        if (initClassResult & CORINFO_INITCLASS_DONT_INLINE)
        {
            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_CANT_CLASS_INIT);
            return;
        }

        // Given the VM the final say in whether to inline or not.
        // This should be last since for verifiable code, this can be expensive
        //
        CorInfoInline const vmResult = compCompHnd->canInline(compiler->info.compMethodHnd, ftn);

        if (vmResult == INLINE_FAIL)
        {
            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_IS_VM_NOINLINE);
        }
        else if (vmResult == INLINE_NEVER)
        {
            inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLEE_IS_VM_NOINLINE);
        }

        if (inlineResult->IsFailure())
        {
            // The VM already self-reported this failure, so mark it specially
            // so the JIT doesn't also try reporting it.
            //
            inlineResult->SetVMFailure();
            return;
        }

        // Get the method's class properties
        //
        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE clsHandle = compCompHnd->getMethodClass(ftn);
        unsigned const       clsAttr   = compCompHnd->getClassAttribs(clsHandle);

#ifdef DEBUG
        // Return type
        //
        var_types const fncRetType     = pParam->call->gtReturnType;
        var_types const fncRealRetType = JITtype2varType(methInfo.args.retType);

        assert((genActualType(fncRealRetType) == genActualType(fncRetType)) ||
               // <BUGNUM> VSW 288602 </BUGNUM>
               // In case of IJW, we allow to assign a native pointer to a BYREF.
               (fncRetType == TYP_BYREF && methInfo.args.retType == CORINFO_TYPE_PTR) ||
               (varTypeIsStruct(fncRetType) && (fncRealRetType == TYP_STRUCT)));
#endif

        // Allocate an InlineCandidateInfo structure,
        //
        // Or, reuse the existing GuardedDevirtualizationCandidateInfo,
        // which was pre-allocated to have extra room.
        //
        InlineCandidateInfo* pInfo;

        if (pParam->call->IsGuardedDevirtualizationCandidate())
        {
            pInfo = pParam->call->GetGDVCandidateInfo(pParam->candidateIndex);
        }
        else
        {
            pInfo = new (pParam->pThis, CMK_Inlining) InlineCandidateInfo;

            // Null out bits we don't use when we're just inlining
            //
            pInfo->guardedClassHandle                   = nullptr;
            pInfo->guardedMethodHandle                  = nullptr;
            pInfo->guardedMethodUnboxedEntryHandle      = nullptr;
            pInfo->guardedMethodInstantiatedEntryHandle = nullptr;
            pInfo->originalMethodHandle                 = nullptr;
            pInfo->originalContextHandle                = nullptr;
            pInfo->likelihood                           = 0;
            pInfo->needsMethodContext                   = false;
        }

        pInfo->methInfo                       = methInfo;
        pInfo->ilCallerHandle                 = pParam->pThis->info.compMethodHnd;
        pInfo->clsHandle                      = clsHandle;
        pInfo->exactContextHandle             = pParam->exactContextHnd;
        pInfo->retExpr                        = nullptr;
        pInfo->preexistingSpillTemp           = BAD_VAR_NUM;
        pInfo->clsAttr                        = clsAttr;
        pInfo->methAttr                       = pParam->methAttr;
        pInfo->initClassResult                = initClassResult;
        pInfo->exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup = false;
        pInfo->inlinersContext                = pParam->inlinersContext;

        // Note exactContextNeedsRuntimeLookup is reset later on,
        // over in impMarkInlineCandidate.
        //
        *(pParam->ppInlineCandidateInfo) = pInfo;
    },
        &param);

    if (!success)
    {
        inlineResult->NoteFatal(InlineObservation::CALLSITE_COMPILATION_ERROR);
    }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impEstimateIntrinsic: Imports one of the *Estimate intrinsics which are
// explicitly allowed to differ in result based on the hardware they're running
// against
//
// Arguments:
//   method        - The handle of the method being imported
//   callType      - The underlying type for the call
//   intrinsicName - The intrinsic being imported
//   mustExpand    - true if the intrinsic must return a GenTree*; otherwise, false
//
GenTree* Compiler::impEstimateIntrinsic(CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE method,
                                        CORINFO_SIG_INFO*     sig,
                                        CorInfoType           callJitType,
                                        NamedIntrinsic        intrinsicName,
                                        bool                  mustExpand)
{
    var_types callType = JITtype2varType(callJitType);
    assert(varTypeIsFloating(callType));

    if (BlockNonDeterministicIntrinsics(mustExpand))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    if (IsIntrinsicImplementedByUserCall(intrinsicName))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

#if defined(FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS)
    // We use compExactlyDependsOn since these are estimate APIs where
    // the behavior is explicitly allowed to differ across machines

    var_types      simdType      = TYP_UNKNOWN;
    NamedIntrinsic intrinsicId   = NI_Illegal;
    bool           swapOp1AndOp3 = false;

    switch (intrinsicName)
    {
        case NI_System_Math_MultiplyAddEstimate:
        {
            assert(sig->numArgs == 3);

#if defined(TARGET_XARCH)
            if (compExactlyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AVX2))
            {
                simdType    = TYP_SIMD16;
                intrinsicId = NI_AVX2_MultiplyAddScalar;
            }
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM64)
            if (compExactlyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AdvSimd))
            {
                simdType    = TYP_SIMD8;
                intrinsicId = NI_AdvSimd_FusedMultiplyAddScalar;

                // AdvSimd.FusedMultiplyAdd expects (addend, left, right), while the APIs take (left, right, addend)

                impSpillSideEffect(true, stackState.esStackDepth -
                                             3 DEBUGARG("Spilling op1 side effects for MultiplyAddEstimate"));

                impSpillSideEffect(true, stackState.esStackDepth -
                                             2 DEBUGARG("Spilling op2 side effects for MultiplyAddEstimate"));

                swapOp1AndOp3 = true;
            }
#endif // TARGET_ARM64
            break;
        }

        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalEstimate:
        {
            assert(sig->numArgs == 1);

#if defined(TARGET_XARCH)
            if (compExactlyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AVX512))
            {
                simdType    = TYP_SIMD16;
                intrinsicId = NI_AVX512_Reciprocal14Scalar;
            }
            else if ((callType == TYP_FLOAT) && compExactlyDependsOn(InstructionSet_X86Base))
            {
                simdType    = TYP_SIMD16;
                intrinsicId = NI_X86Base_ReciprocalScalar;
            }
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM64)
            if (compExactlyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AdvSimd_Arm64))
            {
                simdType    = TYP_SIMD8;
                intrinsicId = NI_AdvSimd_Arm64_ReciprocalEstimateScalar;
            }
#endif // TARGET_ARM64
            break;
        }

        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalSqrtEstimate:
        {
            assert(sig->numArgs == 1);

#if defined(TARGET_XARCH)
            if (compExactlyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AVX512))
            {
                simdType    = TYP_SIMD16;
                intrinsicId = NI_AVX512_ReciprocalSqrt14Scalar;
            }
            else if ((callType == TYP_FLOAT) && compExactlyDependsOn(InstructionSet_X86Base))
            {
                simdType    = TYP_SIMD16;
                intrinsicId = NI_X86Base_ReciprocalSqrtScalar;
            }
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM64)
            if (compExactlyDependsOn(InstructionSet_AdvSimd_Arm64))
            {
                simdType    = TYP_SIMD8;
                intrinsicId = NI_AdvSimd_Arm64_ReciprocalSquareRootEstimateScalar;
            }
#endif // TARGET_ARM64
            break;
        }

        default:
        {
            unreached();
        }
    }
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

    GenTree* op3 = nullptr;
    GenTree* op2 = nullptr;
    GenTree* op1 = nullptr;

    switch (sig->numArgs)
    {
        case 3:
        {
            op3 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);
            FALLTHROUGH;
        }

        case 2:
        {
            op2 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);
            FALLTHROUGH;
        }

        case 1:
        {
            op1 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(impPopStack().val, callType);
            break;
        }

        default:
        {
            unreached();
        }
    }

#if defined(FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS)
    if (intrinsicId != NI_Illegal)
    {
        unsigned simdSize;

        if (simdType == TYP_SIMD8)
        {
            simdSize = 8;
        }
        else
        {
            assert(simdType == TYP_SIMD16);
            simdSize = 16;
        }

        switch (sig->numArgs)
        {
            case 3:
            {
                if (swapOp1AndOp3)
                {
                    std::swap(op1, op3);
                }

                op3 = gtNewSimdCreateScalarUnsafeNode(simdType, op3, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), simdSize);
                op2 = gtNewSimdCreateScalarUnsafeNode(simdType, op2, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), simdSize);
                op1 = gtNewSimdCreateScalarUnsafeNode(simdType, op1, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), simdSize);

                op1 = gtNewSimdHWIntrinsicNode(simdType, op1, op2, op3, intrinsicId,
                                               JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), simdSize);
                break;
            }

            case 1:
            {
                assert(!swapOp1AndOp3);
                op1 = gtNewSimdCreateScalarUnsafeNode(simdType, op1, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), simdSize);
                op1 =
                    gtNewSimdHWIntrinsicNode(simdType, op1, intrinsicId, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), simdSize);
                break;
            }

            default:
            {
                unreached();
            }
        }

        return gtNewSimdToScalarNode(callType, op1, JitType2PreciseVarType(callJitType), simdSize);
    }

    assert(!swapOp1AndOp3);
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

    callType = genActualType(callType);

    switch (intrinsicName)
    {
        case NI_System_Math_MultiplyAddEstimate:
        {
            GenTree* mulNode = gtNewOperNode(GT_MUL, callType, op1, op2);
            return gtNewOperNode(GT_ADD, callType, mulNode, op3);
        }

        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalEstimate:
        case NI_System_Math_ReciprocalSqrtEstimate:
        {
            if (intrinsicName == NI_System_Math_ReciprocalSqrtEstimate)
            {
                assert(!IsIntrinsicImplementedByUserCall(NI_System_Math_Sqrt));

#if defined(FEATURE_READYTORUN)
                CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP entryPoint;

                entryPoint.addr       = nullptr;
                entryPoint.accessType = IAT_VALUE;
#endif // FEATURE_READYTORUN

                op1 = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC)
                    GenTreeIntrinsic(genActualType(callType), op1, NI_System_Math_Sqrt, nullptr R2RARG(entryPoint));
            }
            return gtNewOperNode(GT_DIV, genActualType(callType), gtNewDconNode(1.0, callType), op1);
        }

        default:
        {
            unreached();
        }
    }
}

GenTree* Compiler::impMathIntrinsic(CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE method,
                                    CORINFO_SIG_INFO* sig R2RARG(CORINFO_CONST_LOOKUP* entryPoint),
                                    var_types             callType,
                                    NamedIntrinsic        intrinsicName,
                                    bool                  tailCall,
                                    bool*                 isSpecial)
{
    GenTree* op1;
    GenTree* op2;

    assert(callType != TYP_STRUCT);
    assert(IsMathIntrinsic(intrinsicName));
    assert(isSpecial != nullptr);

    op1 = nullptr;

    bool isIntrinsicImplementedByUserCall = IsIntrinsicImplementedByUserCall(intrinsicName);

    if (isIntrinsicImplementedByUserCall)
    {
#if defined(TARGET_XARCH)
        // We want to track math intrinsics implemented as user calls as special
        // to ensure we don't lose track of the fact it will call into native code
        //
        // This is used on xarch to track that it may need vzeroupper inserted to
        // avoid the perf penalty on some hardware.

        *isSpecial = true;
#endif // TARGET_XARCH
    }

#if !defined(TARGET_X86)
    // Intrinsics that are not implemented directly by target instructions will
    // be re-materialized as users calls in rationalizer. For prefixed tail calls,
    // don't do this optimization, because
    //  a) For back compatibility reasons on desktop .NET Framework 4.6 / 4.6.1
    //  b) It will be non-trivial task or too late to re-materialize a surviving
    //     tail prefixed GT_INTRINSIC as tail call in rationalizer.
    if (!isIntrinsicImplementedByUserCall || !tailCall)
#else
    // On x86 RyuJIT, importing intrinsics that are implemented as user calls can cause incorrect calculation
    // of the depth of the stack if these intrinsics are used as arguments to another call. This causes bad
    // code generation for certain EH constructs.
    if (!isIntrinsicImplementedByUserCall)
#endif
    {
        CORINFO_ARG_LIST_HANDLE arg = sig->args;

        switch (sig->numArgs)
        {
            case 1:
                assert(eeGetArgType(arg, sig) == callType);

                op1 = impPopStack().val;
                op1 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(op1, callType);
                op1 = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC)
                    GenTreeIntrinsic(genActualType(callType), op1, intrinsicName, method R2RARG(*entryPoint));
                break;

            case 2:
                assert(eeGetArgType(arg, sig) == callType);
                INDEBUG(arg = info.compCompHnd->getArgNext(arg));
                assert(eeGetArgType(arg, sig) == callType);

                op2 = impPopStack().val;
                op1 = impPopStack().val;
                op1 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(op1, callType);
                op2 = impImplicitR4orR8Cast(op2, callType);
                op1 = new (this, GT_INTRINSIC)
                    GenTreeIntrinsic(genActualType(callType), op1, op2, intrinsicName, method R2RARG(*entryPoint));
                break;

            default:
                NO_WAY("Unsupported number of args for Math Intrinsic");
        }

        if (isIntrinsicImplementedByUserCall)
        {
            op1->gtFlags |= GTF_CALL;
        }
    }

    return op1;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// lookupNamedIntrinsic: map method to jit named intrinsic value
//
// Arguments:
//    method -- method handle for method
//
// Return Value:
//    Id for the named intrinsic, or Illegal if none.
//
// Notes:
//    method should have CORINFO_FLG_INTRINSIC set in its attributes,
//    otherwise it is not a named jit intrinsic.
//
NamedIntrinsic Compiler::lookupNamedIntrinsic(CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE method)
{
    const char* className              = nullptr;
    const char* namespaceName          = nullptr;
    const char* enclosingClassNames[2] = {nullptr};
    const char* methodName =
        info.compCompHnd->getMethodNameFromMetadata(method, &className, &namespaceName, enclosingClassNames,
                                                    ArrLen(enclosingClassNames));

    JITDUMP("Named Intrinsic ");

    if (namespaceName != nullptr)
    {
        JITDUMP("%s.", namespaceName);
    }
    if (enclosingClassNames[1] != nullptr)
    {
        JITDUMP("%s.", enclosingClassNames[1]);
    }
    if (enclosingClassNames[0] != nullptr)
    {
        JITDUMP("%s.", enclosingClassNames[0]);
    }
    if (className != nullptr)
    {
        JITDUMP("%s.", className);
    }
    if (methodName != nullptr)
    {
        JITDUMP("%s", methodName);
    }

    if ((namespaceName == nullptr) || (className == nullptr) || (methodName == nullptr))
    {
        // Check if we are dealing with an MD array's known runtime method
        CorInfoArrayIntrinsic arrayFuncIndex = info.compCompHnd->getArrayIntrinsicID(method);
        switch (arrayFuncIndex)
        {
            case CorInfoArrayIntrinsic::GET:
                JITDUMP("ARRAY_FUNC_GET: Recognized\n");
                return NI_Array_Get;
            case CorInfoArrayIntrinsic::SET:
                JITDUMP("ARRAY_FUNC_SET: Recognized\n");
                return NI_Array_Set;
            case CorInfoArrayIntrinsic::ADDRESS:
                JITDUMP("ARRAY_FUNC_ADDRESS: Recognized\n");
                return NI_Array_Address;
            default:
                break;
        }

        JITDUMP(": Not recognized, not enough metadata\n");
        return NI_Illegal;
    }

    JITDUMP(": ");

    NamedIntrinsic result = NI_Illegal;

    if (strncmp(namespaceName, "System", 6) == 0)
    {
        namespaceName += 6;

        if (namespaceName[0] == '\0')
        {
            switch (className[0])
            {
                case 'A':
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "Activator") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "AllocatorOf") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Activator_AllocatorOf;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "DefaultConstructorOf") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Activator_DefaultConstructorOf;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "ArgumentNullException") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "ThrowIfNull") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_ArgumentNullException_ThrowIfNull;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "Array") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "Clone") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Array_Clone;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "GetLength") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Array_GetLength;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "GetLowerBound") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Array_GetLowerBound;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "GetUpperBound") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Array_GetUpperBound;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "Array`1") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "GetEnumerator") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Array_T_GetEnumerator;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case 'B':
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "BitConverter") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "DoubleToInt64Bits") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_BitConverter_DoubleToInt64Bits;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "DoubleToUInt64Bits") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_BitConverter_DoubleToInt64Bits;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "Int32BitsToSingle") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_BitConverter_Int32BitsToSingle;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "Int64BitsToDouble") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_BitConverter_Int64BitsToDouble;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "SingleToInt32Bits") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_BitConverter_SingleToInt32Bits;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "SingleToUInt32Bits") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_BitConverter_SingleToInt32Bits;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "UInt32BitsToSingle") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_BitConverter_Int32BitsToSingle;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "UInt64BitsToDouble") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_BitConverter_Int64BitsToDouble;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case 'D':
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "Double") == 0)
                    {
                        result = lookupPrimitiveFloatNamedIntrinsic(method, methodName);
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case 'E':
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "Enum") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "Equals") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Enum_Equals;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "HasFlag") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Enum_HasFlag;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case 'G':
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "GC") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "KeepAlive") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_GC_KeepAlive;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case 'I':
                {
                    if ((strcmp(className, "Int32") == 0) || (strcmp(className, "Int64") == 0) ||
                        (strcmp(className, "IntPtr") == 0))
                    {
                        result = lookupPrimitiveIntNamedIntrinsic(method, methodName);
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case 'M':
                {
                    if ((strcmp(className, "Math") == 0) || (strcmp(className, "MathF") == 0))
                    {
                        result = lookupPrimitiveFloatNamedIntrinsic(method, methodName);
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "MemoryExtensions") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "AsSpan") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_MemoryExtensions_AsSpan;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "Equals") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_MemoryExtensions_Equals;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "SequenceEqual") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_MemoryExtensions_SequenceEqual;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "StartsWith") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_MemoryExtensions_StartsWith;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "EndsWith") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_MemoryExtensions_EndsWith;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case 'O':
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "Object") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "GetType") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Object_GetType;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "MemberwiseClone") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Object_MemberwiseClone;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case 'R':
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "ReadOnlySpan`1") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "get_Item") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_ReadOnlySpan_get_Item;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_Length") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_ReadOnlySpan_get_Length;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "RuntimeType") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "get_IsActualEnum") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_get_IsEnum;
                        }
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "get_TypeHandle") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_RuntimeType_get_TypeHandle;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "RuntimeTypeHandle") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "ToIntPtr") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_RuntimeTypeHandle_ToIntPtr;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case 'S':
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "Single") == 0)
                    {
                        result = lookupPrimitiveFloatNamedIntrinsic(method, methodName);
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "Span`1") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "get_Item") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Span_get_Item;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_Length") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Span_get_Length;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "SpanHelpers") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "SequenceEqual") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_SpanHelpers_SequenceEqual;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "Fill") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_SpanHelpers_Fill;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "ClearWithoutReferences") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_SpanHelpers_ClearWithoutReferences;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "Memmove") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_SpanHelpers_Memmove;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "String") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "Equals") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_String_Equals;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_Chars") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_String_get_Chars;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_Length") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_String_get_Length;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "op_Implicit") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_String_op_Implicit;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "StartsWith") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_String_StartsWith;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "EndsWith") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_String_EndsWith;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "SZArrayHelper") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "GetEnumerator") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_SZArrayHelper_GetEnumerator;
                        }
                    }

                    break;
                }

                case 'T':
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "Type") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "get_IsEnum") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_get_IsEnum;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_IsValueType") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_get_IsValueType;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_IsPrimitive") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_get_IsPrimitive;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_IsGenericType") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_get_IsGenericType;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_IsByRefLike") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_get_IsByRefLike;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "GetEnumUnderlyingType") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_GetEnumUnderlyingType;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "GetTypeFromHandle") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_GetTypeFromHandle;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "GetGenericTypeDefinition") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_GetGenericTypeDefinition;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "IsAssignableFrom") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_IsAssignableFrom;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "IsAssignableTo") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_IsAssignableTo;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "op_Equality") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_op_Equality;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "op_Inequality") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_op_Inequality;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_TypeHandle") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Type_get_TypeHandle;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }

                case 'U':
                {
                    if ((strcmp(className, "UInt32") == 0) || (strcmp(className, "UInt64") == 0) ||
                        (strcmp(className, "UIntPtr") == 0))
                    {
                        result = lookupPrimitiveIntNamedIntrinsic(method, methodName);
                    }
                    break;
                }

                default:
                    break;
            }
        }
        else if (namespaceName[0] == '.')
        {
            namespaceName += 1;

#if defined(TARGET_XARCH) || defined(TARGET_ARM64) || defined(TARGET_LOONGARCH64) || defined(TARGET_RISCV64)
            if (strcmp(namespaceName, "Buffers.Binary") == 0)
            {
                if (strcmp(className, "BinaryPrimitives") == 0)
                {
                    if (strcmp(methodName, "ReverseEndianness") == 0)
                    {
                        RISCV64_ONLY(if (compOpportunisticallyDependsOn(InstructionSet_Zbb)))
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Buffers_Binary_BinaryPrimitives_ReverseEndianness;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            else
#endif // defined(TARGET_XARCH) || defined(TARGET_ARM64) || defined(TARGET_LOONGARCH64) || defined(TARGET_RISCV64)
                if (strcmp(namespaceName, "Collections.Generic") == 0)
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "Comparer`1") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "get_Default") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Collections_Generic_Comparer_get_Default;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "EqualityComparer`1") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "get_Default") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Collections_Generic_EqualityComparer_get_Default;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "IEnumerable`1") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "GetEnumerator") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Collections_Generic_IEnumerable_GetEnumerator;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else if (strcmp(namespaceName, "Numerics") == 0)
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "BitOperations") == 0)
                    {
                        result = lookupPrimitiveIntNamedIntrinsic(method, methodName);
                    }
                    else
                    {
#ifdef FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS
                        bool isVectorT = strcmp(className, "Vector`1") == 0;

                        if (isVectorT || (strcmp(className, "Vector") == 0))
                        {
                            if (strncmp(methodName, "System.Runtime.Intrinsics.ISimdVector<System.Numerics.Vector",
                                        60) == 0)
                            {
                                // We want explicitly implemented ISimdVector<TSelf, T> APIs to still be expanded where
                                // possible but, they all prefix the qualified name of the interface first, so we'll
                                // check for that and skip the prefix before trying to resolve the method.

                                if (strncmp(methodName + 60, "<T>,T>.", 7) == 0)
                                {
                                    methodName += 67;
                                }
                            }

                            uint32_t size = getVectorTByteLength();
                            assert((size == 16) || (size == 32) || (size == 64));

                            const char* lookupClassName = className;

                            switch (size)
                            {
                                case 16:
                                {
                                    lookupClassName = isVectorT ? "Vector128`1" : "Vector128";
                                    break;
                                }

                                case 32:
                                {
                                    lookupClassName = isVectorT ? "Vector256`1" : "Vector256";
                                    break;
                                }

                                case 64:
                                {
                                    lookupClassName = isVectorT ? "Vector512`1" : "Vector512";
                                    break;
                                }

                                default:
                                {
                                    unreached();
                                }
                            }

                            const char* lookupMethodName = methodName;

                            if ((strncmp(methodName, "As", 2) == 0) && (methodName[2] != '\0'))
                            {
                                if (strncmp(methodName + 2, "Vector", 6) == 0)
                                {
                                    if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "Byte") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsByte";
                                    }
                                    else if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "Double") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsDouble";
                                    }
                                    else if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "Int16") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsInt16";
                                    }
                                    else if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "Int32") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsInt32";
                                    }
                                    else if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "Int64") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsInt64";
                                    }
                                    else if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "NInt") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsNInt";
                                    }
                                    else if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "NUInt") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsNUInt";
                                    }
                                    else if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "SByte") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsSByte";
                                    }
                                    else if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "Single") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsSingle";
                                    }
                                    else if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "UInt16") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsUInt16";
                                    }
                                    else if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "UInt32") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsUInt32";
                                    }
                                    else if (strcmp(methodName + 8, "UInt64") == 0)
                                    {
                                        lookupMethodName = "AsUInt64";
                                    }
                                }

                                if (lookupMethodName == methodName)
                                {
                                    // There are several other As prefixed APIs
                                    // which represent extension methods for
                                    // Vector2/3/4 Matrix4x4, Quaternion, or Plane
                                    lookupMethodName = nullptr;
                                }
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "SquareRoot") == 0)
                            {
                                lookupMethodName = "Sqrt";
                            }

                            if (lookupMethodName != nullptr)
                            {
                                CORINFO_SIG_INFO sig;
                                info.compCompHnd->getMethodSig(method, &sig);

                                result = HWIntrinsicInfo::lookupId(this, &sig, lookupClassName, lookupMethodName,
                                                                   enclosingClassNames[0], enclosingClassNames[1]);
                            }
                        }
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

                        if (result == NI_Illegal)
                        {
                            // This allows the relevant code paths to be dropped as dead code even
                            // on platforms where FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS is not supported.

                            if (strcmp(methodName, "get_IsSupported") == 0)
                            {
                                assert(strcmp(className, "Vector`1") == 0);
                                result = NI_IsSupported_Type;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_IsHardwareAccelerated") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_IsSupported_False;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_Count") == 0)
                            {
                                assert(strcmp(className, "Vector`1") == 0);
                                result = NI_Vector_GetCount;
                            }
                            else if (gtIsRecursiveCall(method, false))
                            {
                                // For the framework itself, any recursive intrinsics will either be
                                // only supported on a single platform or will be guarded by a relevant
                                // IsSupported check so the throw PNSE will be valid or dropped.

                                result = NI_Throw_PlatformNotSupportedException;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                // Otherwise mark this as a general intrinsic in the namespace
                                // so we can still get the inlining profitability boost.
                                result = NI_System_Numerics_Intrinsic;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                else if (strncmp(namespaceName, "Runtime.", 8) == 0)
                {
                    namespaceName += 8;

                    if (strcmp(namespaceName, "CompilerServices") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(className, "RuntimeHelpers") == 0)
                        {
                            if (strcmp(methodName, "CreateSpan") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_CreateSpan;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "InitializeArray") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_InitializeArray;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "IsKnownConstant") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_IsKnownConstant;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "IsReferenceOrContainsReferences") == 0)
                            {
                                result =
                                    NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_IsReferenceOrContainsReferences;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "GetMethodTable") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_GetMethodTable;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "SetNextCallGenericContext") == 0)
                            {
                                return NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_SetNextCallGenericContext;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "SetNextCallAsyncContinuation") == 0)
                            {
                                return NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_RuntimeHelpers_SetNextCallAsyncContinuation;
                            }
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(className, "AsyncHelpers") == 0)
                        {
                            if (strcmp(methodName, "AsyncSuspend") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_AsyncHelpers_AsyncSuspend;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "Await") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_AsyncHelpers_Await;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "AsyncCallContinuation") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_AsyncHelpers_AsyncCallContinuation;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "TailAwait") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_AsyncHelpers_TailAwait;
                            }
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(className, "StaticsHelpers") == 0)
                        {
                            if (strcmp(methodName, "VolatileReadAsByref") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_System_Runtime_CompilerServices_StaticsHelpers_VolatileReadAsByref;
                            }
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(className, "Unsafe") == 0)
                        {
                            if (strcmp(methodName, "Add") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Add;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "AddByteOffset") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_AddByteOffset;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "AreSame") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_AreSame;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "As") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_As;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "AsPointer") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_AsPointer;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "AsRef") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_AsRef;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "BitCast") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_BitCast;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "ByteOffset") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_ByteOffset;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "Copy") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Copy;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "CopyBlock") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_CopyBlock;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "CopyBlockUnaligned") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_CopyBlockUnaligned;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "InitBlock") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_InitBlock;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "InitBlockUnaligned") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_InitBlockUnaligned;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "IsAddressGreaterThan") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_IsAddressGreaterThan;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "IsAddressGreaterThanOrEqualTo") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_IsAddressGreaterThanOrEqualTo;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "IsAddressLessThan") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_IsAddressLessThan;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "IsAddressLessThanOrEqualTo") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_IsAddressLessThanOrEqualTo;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "IsNullRef") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_IsNullRef;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "NullRef") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_NullRef;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "Read") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Read;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "ReadUnaligned") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_ReadUnaligned;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "SizeOf") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_SizeOf;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "SkipInit") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_SkipInit;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "Subtract") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Subtract;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "SubtractByteOffset") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_SubtractByteOffset;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "Unbox") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Unbox;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "Write") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_Write;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "WriteUnaligned") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_SRCS_UNSAFE_WriteUnaligned;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(namespaceName, "InteropServices") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(className, "MemoryMarshal") == 0)
                        {
                            if (strcmp(methodName, "GetArrayDataReference") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_System_Runtime_InteropService_MemoryMarshal_GetArrayDataReference;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strncmp(namespaceName, "Intrinsics", 10) == 0)
                    {
                        // We go down this path even when FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS isn't enabled
                        // so we can specially handle IsSupported and recursive calls.

                        // This is required to appropriately handle the intrinsics on platforms
                        // which don't support them. On such a platform methods like Vector64.Create
                        // will be seen as `Intrinsic` and `mustExpand` due to having a code path
                        // which is recursive. When such a path is hit we expect it to be handled by
                        // the importer and we fire an assert if it wasn't and in previous versions
                        // of the JIT would fail fast. This was changed to throw a PNSE instead but
                        // we still assert as most intrinsics should have been recognized/handled.

                        // In order to avoid the assert, we specially handle the IsSupported checks
                        // (to better allow dead-code optimizations) and we explicitly throw a PNSE
                        // as we know that is the desired behavior for the HWIntrinsics when not
                        // supported. For cases like Vector64.Create, this is fine because it will
                        // be behind a relevant IsSupported check and will never be hit and the
                        // software fallback will be executed instead.

#ifdef FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS
                        namespaceName += 10;
                        const char* platformNamespaceName;

#if defined(TARGET_XARCH)
                        platformNamespaceName = ".X86";
#elif defined(TARGET_ARM64)
                        platformNamespaceName = ".Arm";
#else
#error Unsupported platform
#endif

                        if (strncmp(methodName,
                                    "System.Runtime.Intrinsics.ISimdVector<System.Runtime.Intrinsics.Vector", 70) == 0)
                        {
                            // We want explicitly implemented ISimdVector<TSelf, T> APIs to still be expanded where
                            // possible but, they all prefix the qualified name of the interface first, so we'll check
                            // for that and skip the prefix before trying to resolve the method.

                            if (strncmp(methodName + 70, "64<T>,T>.", 9) == 0)
                            {
                                methodName += 79;
                            }
                            else if ((strncmp(methodName + 70, "128<T>,T>.", 10) == 0) ||
                                     (strncmp(methodName + 70, "256<T>,T>.", 10) == 0) ||
                                     (strncmp(methodName + 70, "512<T>,T>.", 10) == 0))
                            {
                                methodName += 80;
                            }
                        }

                        if ((namespaceName[0] == '\0') || (strcmp(namespaceName, platformNamespaceName) == 0))
                        {
                            CORINFO_SIG_INFO sig;
                            info.compCompHnd->getMethodSig(method, &sig);

                            result = HWIntrinsicInfo::lookupId(this, &sig, className, methodName,
                                                               enclosingClassNames[0], enclosingClassNames[1]);
                        }
#endif // FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS

                        if (result == NI_Illegal)
                        {
                            // This allows the relevant code paths to be dropped as dead code even
                            // on platforms where FEATURE_HW_INTRINSICS is not supported.

                            if (strcmp(methodName, "get_IsSupported") == 0)
                            {
                                if (strncmp(className, "Vector", 6) == 0)
                                {
                                    assert((strcmp(className, "Vector64`1") == 0) ||
                                           (strcmp(className, "Vector128`1") == 0) ||
                                           (strcmp(className, "Vector256`1") == 0) ||
                                           (strcmp(className, "Vector512`1") == 0));

                                    result = NI_IsSupported_Type;
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                    result = NI_IsSupported_False;
                                }
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_IsHardwareAccelerated") == 0)
                            {
                                result = NI_IsSupported_False;
                            }
                            else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_Count") == 0)
                            {
                                assert(
                                    (strcmp(className, "Vector64`1") == 0) || (strcmp(className, "Vector128`1") == 0) ||
                                    (strcmp(className, "Vector256`1") == 0) || (strcmp(className, "Vector512`1") == 0));

                                result = NI_Vector_GetCount;
                            }
                            else if (gtIsRecursiveCall(method, false))
                            {
                                // For the framework itself, any recursive intrinsics will either be
                                // only supported on a single platform or will be guarded by a relevant
                                // IsSupported check so the throw PNSE will be valid or dropped.

                                result = NI_Throw_PlatformNotSupportedException;
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                // Otherwise mark this as a general intrinsic in the namespace
                                // so we can still get the inlining profitability boost.
                                result = NI_System_Runtime_Intrinsics_Intrinsic;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                else if (strcmp(namespaceName, "StubHelpers") == 0)
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "StubHelpers") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "GetStubContext") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_StubHelpers_GetStubContext;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "NextCallReturnAddress") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_StubHelpers_NextCallReturnAddress;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else if (strcmp(namespaceName, "Text") == 0)
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "UTF8EncodingSealed") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "ReadUtf8") == 0)
                        {
                            assert(strcmp(enclosingClassNames[0], "UTF8Encoding") == 0);
                            result = NI_System_Text_UTF8Encoding_UTF8EncodingSealed_ReadUtf8;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else if (strcmp(namespaceName, "Threading") == 0)
                {
                    if (strcmp(className, "Interlocked") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "And") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_And;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "Or") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_Or;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "CompareExchange") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_CompareExchange;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "Exchange") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_Exchange;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "ExchangeAdd") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_ExchangeAdd;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "MemoryBarrier") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Interlocked_MemoryBarrier;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "Thread") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "get_CurrentThread") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Thread_get_CurrentThread;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "get_ManagedThreadId") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Thread_get_ManagedThreadId;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "FastPollGC") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Thread_FastPollGC;
                        }
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(className, "Volatile") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(methodName, "Read") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Volatile_Read;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "Write") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Volatile_Write;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "ReadBarrier") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Volatile_ReadBarrier;
                        }
                        else if (strcmp(methodName, "WriteBarrier") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Volatile_WriteBarrier;
                        }
                    }
                }
                else if (strcmp(namespaceName, "Threading.Tasks") == 0)
                {
                    if (strcmp(methodName, "ConfigureAwait") == 0)
                    {
                        if (strcmp(className, "Task`1") == 0 || strcmp(className, "Task") == 0 ||
                            strcmp(className, "ValueTask`1") == 0 || strcmp(className, "ValueTask") == 0)
                        {
                            result = NI_System_Threading_Tasks_Task_ConfigureAwait;
                        }
                    }
                }
        }
    }
    else if (strcmp(namespaceName, "Internal.Runtime") == 0)
    {
        if (strcmp(className, "MethodTable") == 0)
        {
            if (strcmp(methodName, "Of") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_Internal_Runtime_MethodTable_Of;
            }
        }
    }

    if (result == NI_Illegal)
    {
        JITDUMP("Not recognized\n");
    }
    else if (result == NI_IsSupported_False)
    {
        JITDUMP("Unsupported - return false");
    }
    else if (result == NI_Throw_PlatformNotSupportedException)
    {
        JITDUMP("Unsupported - throw PlatformNotSupportedException");
    }
    else
    {
        JITDUMP("Recognized\n");
    }
    return result;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// lookupPrimitiveFloatNamedIntrinsic: map method to jit named intrinsic value
//
// Arguments:
//    method -- method handle for method
//
// Return Value:
//    Id for the named intrinsic, or Illegal if none.
//
// Notes:
//    method should have CORINFO_FLG_INTRINSIC set in its attributes,
//    otherwise it is not a named jit intrinsic.
//
NamedIntrinsic Compiler::lookupPrimitiveFloatNamedIntrinsic(CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE method, const char* methodName)
{
    NamedIntrinsic result = NI_Illegal;

    switch (methodName[0])
    {
        case 'A':
        {
            if (strcmp(methodName, "Abs") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_Abs;
            }
            else if (strncmp(methodName, "Acos", 4) == 0)
            {
                methodName += 4;

                if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_Acos;
                }
                else if (methodName[1] == '\0')
                {
                    if (methodName[0] == 'h')
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_Acosh;
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (strncmp(methodName, "Asin", 4) == 0)
            {
                methodName += 4;

                if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_Asin;
                }
                else if (methodName[1] == '\0')
                {
                    if (methodName[0] == 'h')
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_Asinh;
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (strncmp(methodName, "Atan", 4) == 0)
            {
                methodName += 4;

                if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_Atan;
                }
                else if (methodName[1] == '\0')
                {
                    if (methodName[0] == 'h')
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_Atanh;
                    }
                    else if (methodName[0] == '2')
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_Atan2;
                    }
                }
            }
            break;
        }

        case 'C':
        {
            if (strcmp(methodName, "Cbrt") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_Cbrt;
            }
            else if (strcmp(methodName, "Ceiling") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_Ceiling;
            }
            else if (strncmp(methodName, "ConvertToInteger", 16) == 0)
            {
                methodName += 16;

                if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                {
                    result = NI_PRIMITIVE_ConvertToInteger;
                }
                else if (strcmp(methodName, "Native") == 0)
                {
                    result = NI_PRIMITIVE_ConvertToIntegerNative;
                }
            }
            else if (strncmp(methodName, "Cos", 3) == 0)
            {
                methodName += 3;

                if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_Cos;
                }
                else if (methodName[1] == '\0')
                {
                    if (methodName[0] == 'h')
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_Cosh;
                    }
                }
            }
            break;
        }

        case 'E':
        {
            if (strcmp(methodName, "Exp") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_Exp;
            }
            break;
        }

        case 'F':
        {
            if (strcmp(methodName, "Floor") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_Floor;
            }
            else if (strcmp(methodName, "FusedMultiplyAdd") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_FusedMultiplyAdd;
            }
            break;
        }

        case 'I':
        {
            if (strcmp(methodName, "ILogB") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_ILogB;
            }
            break;
        }

        case 'L':
        {
            if (strncmp(methodName, "Log", 3) == 0)
            {
                methodName += 3;

                if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_Log;
                }
                else if (methodName[1] == '\0')
                {
                    if (methodName[0] == '2')
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_Log2;
                    }
                }
                else if (strcmp(methodName, "10") == 0)
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_Log10;
                }
            }
            break;
        }

        case 'M':
        {
            if (strncmp(methodName, "Max", 3) == 0)
            {
                methodName += 3;

                if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_Max;
                }
                else if (strncmp(methodName, "Magnitude", 9) == 0)
                {
                    methodName += 9;

                    if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_MaxMagnitude;
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(methodName, "Number") == 0)
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_MaxMagnitudeNumber;
                    }
                }
                else if (strcmp(methodName, "Native") == 0)
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_MaxNative;
                }
                else if (strcmp(methodName, "Number") == 0)
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_MaxNumber;
                }
            }
            else if (strncmp(methodName, "Min", 3) == 0)
            {
                methodName += 3;

                if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_Min;
                }
                else if (strncmp(methodName, "Magnitude", 9) == 0)
                {
                    methodName += 9;

                    if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_MinMagnitude;
                    }
                    else if (strcmp(methodName, "Number") == 0)
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_MinMagnitudeNumber;
                    }
                }
                else if (strcmp(methodName, "Native") == 0)
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_MinNative;
                }
                else if (strcmp(methodName, "Number") == 0)
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_MinNumber;
                }
            }
            else if (strcmp(methodName, "MultiplyAddEstimate") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_MultiplyAddEstimate;
            }
            break;
        }

        case 'P':
        {
            if (strcmp(methodName, "Pow") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_Pow;
            }
            break;
        }

        case 'R':
        {
            if (strncmp(methodName, "Reciprocal", 10) == 0)
            {
                methodName += 10;

                if (strcmp(methodName, "Estimate") == 0)
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_ReciprocalEstimate;
                }
                else if (strcmp(methodName, "SqrtEstimate") == 0)
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_ReciprocalSqrtEstimate;
                }
            }
            else if (strcmp(methodName, "Round") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_Round;
            }
            break;
        }

        case 'S':
        {
            if (strncmp(methodName, "Sin", 3) == 0)
            {
                methodName += 3;

                if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_Sin;
                }
                else if (methodName[1] == '\0')
                {
                    if (methodName[0] == 'h')
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_Sinh;
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (strcmp(methodName, "Sqrt") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_Sqrt;
            }
            break;
        }

        case 'T':
        {
            if (strncmp(methodName, "Tan", 3) == 0)
            {
                methodName += 3;

                if (methodName[0] == '\0')
                {
                    result = NI_System_Math_Tan;
                }
                else if (methodName[1] == '\0')
                {
                    if (methodName[0] == 'h')
                    {
                        result = NI_System_Math_Tanh;
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (strcmp(methodName, "Truncate") == 0)
            {
                result = NI_System_Math_Truncate;
            }
            break;
        }

        default:
        {
            break;
        }
    }

    return result;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// lookupPrimitiveIntNamedIntrinsic: map method to jit named intrinsic value
//
// Arguments:
//    method -- method handle for method
//
// Return Value:
//    Id for the named intrinsic, or Illegal if none.
//
// Notes:
//    method should have CORINFO_FLG_INTRINSIC set in its attributes,
//    otherwise it is not a named jit intrinsic.
//
NamedIntrinsic Compiler::lookupPrimitiveIntNamedIntrinsic(CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE method, const char* methodName)
{
    NamedIntrinsic result = NI_Illegal;

    if (strcmp(methodName, "Crc32C") == 0)
    {
        result = NI_PRIMITIVE_Crc32C;
    }
    else if (strcmp(methodName, "LeadingZeroCount") == 0)
    {
        result = NI_PRIMITIVE_LeadingZeroCount;
    }
    else if (strcmp(methodName, "Log2") == 0)
    {
        result = NI_PRIMITIVE_Log2;
    }
    else if (strcmp(methodName, "PopCount") == 0)
    {
        result = NI_PRIMITIVE_PopCount;
    }
    else if (strcmp(methodName, "RotateLeft") == 0)
    {
        result = NI_PRIMITIVE_RotateLeft;
    }
    else if (strcmp(methodName, "RotateRight") == 0)
    {
        result = NI_PRIMITIVE_RotateRight;
    }
    else if (strcmp(methodName, "TrailingZeroCount") == 0)
    {
        result = NI_PRIMITIVE_TrailingZeroCount;
    }

    return result;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impUnsupportedNamedIntrinsic: Throws an exception for an unsupported named intrinsic
//
// Arguments:
//    helper     - JIT helper ID for the exception to be thrown
//    method     - method handle of the intrinsic function.
//    sig        - signature of the intrinsic call
//    mustExpand - true if the intrinsic must return a GenTree*; otherwise, false
//
// Return Value:
//    a gtNewMustThrowException if mustExpand is true; otherwise, nullptr
//
GenTree* Compiler::impUnsupportedNamedIntrinsic(unsigned              helper,
                                                CORINFO_METHOD_HANDLE method,
                                                CORINFO_SIG_INFO*     sig,
                                                bool                  mustExpand)
{
    // We've hit some error case and may need to return a node for the given error.
    //
    // When `mustExpand=false`, we are attempting to inline the intrinsic directly into another method. In this
    // scenario, we need to return `nullptr` so that a GT_CALL to the intrinsic is emitted instead. This is to
    // ensure that everything continues to behave correctly when optimizations are enabled (e.g. things like the
    // inliner may expect the node we return to have a certain signature, and the `MustThrowException` node won't
    // match that).
    //
    // When `mustExpand=true`, we are in a GT_CALL to the intrinsic and are attempting to JIT it. This will generally
    // be in response to an indirect call (e.g. done via reflection) or in response to an earlier attempt returning
    // `nullptr` (under `mustExpand=false`). In that scenario, we are safe to return the `MustThrowException` node.

    if (mustExpand)
    {
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < sig->numArgs; i++)
        {
            impPopStack();
        }

        return gtNewMustThrowException(helper, JITtype2varType(sig->retType), sig->retTypeClass);
    }
    else
    {
        return nullptr;
    }
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impArrayAccessIntrinsic: try to replace a multi-dimensional array intrinsics with IR nodes.
//
// Arguments:
//    clsHnd        - handle for the intrinsic method's class
//    sig           - signature of the intrinsic method
//    memberRef     - the token for the intrinsic method
//    readonlyCall  - true if call has a readonly prefix
//    intrinsicName - the intrinsic to expand: one of NI_Array_Address, NI_Array_Get, NI_Array_Set
//
// Return Value:
//    The intrinsic expansion, or nullptr if the expansion was not done (and a function call should be made instead).
//
GenTree* Compiler::impArrayAccessIntrinsic(
    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE clsHnd, CORINFO_SIG_INFO* sig, int memberRef, bool readonlyCall, NamedIntrinsic intrinsicName)
{
    assert((intrinsicName == NI_Array_Address) || (intrinsicName == NI_Array_Get) || (intrinsicName == NI_Array_Set));

    // If we are generating SMALL_CODE, we don't want to use intrinsics, as it generates fatter code.
    if (compCodeOpt() == SMALL_CODE)
    {
        JITDUMP("impArrayAccessIntrinsic: rejecting array intrinsic due to SMALL_CODE\n");
        return nullptr;
    }

    unsigned rank = (intrinsicName == NI_Array_Set) ? (sig->numArgs - 1) : sig->numArgs;

    // Handle a maximum rank of GT_ARR_MAX_RANK (3). This is an implementation choice (larger ranks are expected
    // to be rare) and could be increased.
    if (rank > GT_ARR_MAX_RANK)
    {
        JITDUMP("impArrayAccessIntrinsic: rejecting array intrinsic because rank (%d) > GT_ARR_MAX_RANK (%d)\n", rank,
                GT_ARR_MAX_RANK);
        return nullptr;
    }

    // The rank 1 case is special because it has to handle two array formats. We will simply not do that case.
    if (rank <= 1)
    {
        JITDUMP("impArrayAccessIntrinsic: rejecting array intrinsic because rank (%d) <= 1\n", rank);
        return nullptr;
    }

    CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE elemClsHnd  = NO_CLASS_HANDLE;
    CorInfoType          elemJitType = info.compCompHnd->getChildType(clsHnd, &elemClsHnd);
    ClassLayout*         elemLayout  = nullptr;
    var_types            elemType    = TypeHandleToVarType(elemJitType, elemClsHnd, &elemLayout);

    // For the ref case, we will only be able to inline if the types match
    // (verifier checks for this, we don't care for the nonverified case and the
    // type is final (so we don't need to do the cast))
    if ((intrinsicName != NI_Array_Get) && !readonlyCall && varTypeIsGC(elemType))
    {
        // Get the call site signature
        CORINFO_SIG_INFO localSig;
        eeGetCallSiteSig(memberRef, info.compScopeHnd, impTokenLookupContextHandle, &localSig);
        assert(localSig.hasThis());

        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE actualElemClsHnd;

        if (intrinsicName == NI_Array_Set)
        {
            // Fetch the last argument, the one that indicates the type we are setting.
            CORINFO_ARG_LIST_HANDLE argList = localSig.args;
            for (unsigned r = 0; r < rank; r++)
            {
                argList = info.compCompHnd->getArgNext(argList);
            }

            actualElemClsHnd = eeGetArgClass(&localSig, argList);
        }
        else
        {
            assert(intrinsicName == NI_Array_Address);
            assert((localSig.retType == CORINFO_TYPE_BYREF) && (localSig.retTypeClass != NO_CLASS_HANDLE));

            info.compCompHnd->getChildType(localSig.retTypeClass, &actualElemClsHnd);
        }

        // if it's not final, we can't do the optimization
        if (!(info.compCompHnd->getClassAttribs(actualElemClsHnd) & CORINFO_FLG_FINAL))
        {
            JITDUMP("impArrayAccessIntrinsic: rejecting array intrinsic because actualElemClsHnd (%p) is not final\n",
                    dspPtr(actualElemClsHnd));
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    unsigned arrayElemSize = (elemType == TYP_STRUCT) ? elemLayout->GetSize() : genTypeSize(elemType);

    if (!FitsIn<unsigned char>(arrayElemSize))
    {
        // arrayElemSize would be truncated as an unsigned char.
        // This means the array element is too large. Don't do the optimization.
        JITDUMP("impArrayAccessIntrinsic: rejecting array intrinsic because arrayElemSize (%d) is too large\n",
                arrayElemSize);
        return nullptr;
    }

    GenTree* val = nullptr;

    if (intrinsicName == NI_Array_Set)
    {
        // Stores of structs require more work, and there are more gets than sets.
        // TODO-CQ: support SET (`a[i,j,k] = s`) for struct element arrays.
        if (varTypeIsStruct(elemType))
        {
            JITDUMP("impArrayAccessIntrinsic: rejecting SET array intrinsic because elemType is TYP_STRUCT"
                    " (implementation limitation)\n",
                    arrayElemSize);
            return nullptr;
        }

        val = impPopStack().val;
        assert((genActualType(elemType) == genActualType(val->gtType)) ||
               (elemType == TYP_FLOAT && val->TypeIs(TYP_DOUBLE)) || (elemType == TYP_INT && val->TypeIs(TYP_BYREF)) ||
               (elemType == TYP_DOUBLE && val->TypeIs(TYP_FLOAT)));
    }

    // Here, we're committed to expanding the intrinsic and creating a GT_ARR_ELEM node.
    optMethodFlags |= OMF_HAS_MDARRAYREF;
    compCurBB->SetFlags(BBF_HAS_MDARRAYREF);

    noway_assert((unsigned char)GT_ARR_MAX_RANK == GT_ARR_MAX_RANK);

    GenTree* inds[GT_ARR_MAX_RANK];
    for (unsigned k = rank; k > 0; k--)
    {
        // The indices should be converted to `int` type, as they would be if the intrinsic was not expanded.
        GenTree* argVal = impPopStack().val;
        argVal          = impImplicitIorI4Cast(argVal, TYP_INT);
        inds[k - 1]     = argVal;
    }

    GenTree* arr = impPopStack().val;
    assert(arr->TypeIs(TYP_REF));

    GenTree* arrElem = new (this, GT_ARR_ELEM) GenTreeArrElem(TYP_BYREF, arr, static_cast<unsigned char>(rank),
                                                              static_cast<unsigned char>(arrayElemSize), &inds[0]);
    switch (intrinsicName)
    {
        case NI_Array_Set:
            assert(!varTypeIsStruct(elemType));
            arrElem = gtNewStoreIndNode(elemType, arrElem, val);
            break;

        case NI_Array_Get:
            arrElem = (elemType == TYP_STRUCT) ? gtNewBlkIndir(elemLayout, arrElem) : gtNewIndir(elemType, arrElem);
            break;

        default:
            break;
    }

    return arrElem;
}

//------------------------------------------------------------------------
// impKeepAliveIntrinsic: Import the GC.KeepAlive intrinsic call
//
// Imports the intrinsic as a GT_KEEPALIVE node, and, as an optimization,
// if the object to keep alive is a GT_BOX, removes its side effects and
// uses the address of a local (copied from the box's source if needed)
// as the operand for GT_KEEPALIVE. For the BOX optimization, if the class
// of the box has no GC fields, a GT_NOP is returned.
//
// Arguments:
//    objToKeepAlive - the intrinisic call's argument
//
// Return Value:
//    The imported GT_KEEPALIVE or GT_NOP - see description.
//
GenTree* Compiler::impKeepAliveIntrinsic(GenTree* objToKeepAlive)
{
    assert(objToKeepAlive->TypeIs(TYP_REF));

    if (opts.OptimizationEnabled() && objToKeepAlive->IsBoxedValue())
    {
        CORINFO_CLASS_HANDLE boxedClass = lvaGetDesc(objToKeepAlive->AsBox()->BoxOp()->AsLclVar())->lvClassHnd;
        ClassLayout*         layout     = typGetObjLayout(boxedClass);

        if (!layout->HasGCPtr())
        {
            gtTryRemoveBoxUpstreamEffects(objToKeepAlive, BR_REMOVE_AND_NARROW);
            JITDUMP("\nBOX class has no GC fields, KEEPALIVE is a NOP");

            return gtNewNothingNode();
        }

        GenTree* boxSrc = gtTryRemoveBoxUpstreamEffects(objToKeepAlive, BR_REMOVE_BUT_NOT_NARROW);
        if (boxSrc != nullptr)
        {
            unsigned boxTempNum;
            if (boxSrc->OperIs(GT_LCL_VAR))
            {
                boxTempNum = boxSrc->AsLclVarCommon()->GetLclNum();
            }
            else
            {
                boxTempNum              = lvaGrabTemp(true DEBUGARG("Temp for the box source"));
                GenTree*   boxTempStore = gtNewTempStore(boxTempNum, boxSrc);
                Statement* boxStoreStmt = objToKeepAlive->AsBox()->gtCopyStmtWhenInlinedBoxValue;
                boxStoreStmt->SetRootNode(boxTempStore);
            }

            JITDUMP("\nImporting KEEPALIVE(BOX) as KEEPALIVE(LCL_VAR_ADDR V%02u)", boxTempNum);
            objToKeepAlive = gtNewLclVarAddrNode(boxTempNum);
        }
    }

    return gtNewKeepAliveNode(objToKeepAlive);
}