Escrow Smart Contract (Solana + Anchor)

This project implements a secure token-based Escrow Smart Contract using the Anchor framework on the Solana blockchain.
It allows two parties to exchange tokens safely without trusting each other.

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📌 What is an Escrow?

An escrow holds assets in a neutral account until specific conditions are met.
The smart contract acts as the trusted intermediary, ensuring:

• Neither party can cheat.
• No assets move unless both sides meet the agreed terms.
• The exchange is atomic — all-or-nothing.

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🎯 Use Case Overview

Role	Sends	Receives
Initializer (Party A)	Token A	Token B
Taker (Party B)	Token B	Token A

Token A is locked inside a vault token account owned by a Program Derived Address (PDA).

Only the escrow program can move the funds from this vault — not the initializer, taker, or any external account.

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⚙️ Workflow

1. Initialize

• The initializer deposits Token A into the vault account.
• Escrow terms (amounts + accounts) are stored in the Escrow state.
• Vault authority is changed to the PDA, making it secure.

2. Accept

• The taker sends Token B to the initializer.
• Program transfers Token A from the vault to the taker.
• Escrow is marked inactive.

3. Cancel

• If the taker doesn't accept, the initializer may cancel.
• The program returns Token A from the vault to the initializer.

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🧱 Program Architecture

On-Chain Accounts

Account	Description
initializer	The user starting the escrow
taker	The user accepting the escrow
escrow	Stores escrow configuration & state
vault_account	Holds Token A. Owned by PDA
initializer_token_account	Initial token source (Token A)
initializer_receive_token_account	Where Token B will be received
taker_token_account	Taker’s Token B source
taker_receive_token_account	Where Token A will be received
token_program	SPL token program for transfers

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📦 State Layout

pub struct Escrow {
    pub initializer: Pubkey,
    pub initializer_token_account: Pubkey,
    pub initializer_receive_token_account: Pubkey,
    pub vault_account: Pubkey,
    pub amount_a: u64,
    pub amount_b: u64,
    pub bump: u8,
    pub is_active: bool,
}

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🔐 Security Model

Guarantee	Explanation
Vault	controlled by PDA Prevents unauthorized withdrawals
Atomic swaps	Both token transfers happen in one transaction
Cancelable by initializer only	Ensures funds recovery if trade not accepted
Escrow must be active	Prevents double execution

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🚀 Building & Deploying

Requirements

• Rust Toolchain
• Solana CLI
• Anchor CLI
• Node.js + npm/yarn

Build

anchor build

Deploy to Devnet

solana config set --url devnet
anchor deploy

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🧪 Testing

Run the test suite:

anchor test

If you need a ready-made test suite, ask and I’ll generate it.

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🌱 Possible Extensions

Feature	Description
Expiry / Time-lock	Auto-cancel after deadline
Marketplace Fees	Fee to platform or treasury
NFT Escrow	Swap NFTs for tokens or other NFTs
Partial Fills	Allow multi-party participation

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📄 License

This project is licensed under the MIT License.