GH-32609: [Python] Add type annotations to PyArrow

[rok]

NOTE: This PR is currently being split into multiple smaller ones. DO NOT MERGE.

This proposes adding type annotation to pyarrow by adopting pyarrow-stubs into pyarrow. To do so we copy pyarrow-stubs's stubfiles into arrow/python/pyarrow-stubs/, restructure them somewhat and add more annotations. We remove docstrings from annotations and provide a script to include docstrings into stubfiles at wheel-build-time. We also remove overloads from annotations to simplify this PR. We then add annotation checks for all project files. We introduce a CI check to make sure all mypy, pyright and ty annotation checks pass (see python/pyproject.toml for any exceptions).

PR introduces:

1. adds pyarrow-stubs into arrow/python/pyarrow-stubs/
2. fixes pyarrow-stubs to pass ty, mypy and pyright check
3. adds ty, mypy and pyright check to CI (crudely)
4. adds a tool (update_stub_docstrings.py) to insert annotation docstrings into stubfiles at wheel-build-time

• GitHub discussion: A new home for pyarrow-stubs? #45919
• GitHub Issue: [Python] Type checking support #32609