Telescope pickers take options in most cases, you can access the documentation of the most used one (find_files) by typing :h telescope.builtin.find_files()
docs on github:
https://github.com/nvim-telescope/telescope.nvim/blob/175178e3889c13a840f036d464aee2d145157b9e/doc/telescope.txt#L917-L954
here is an example of how to do it:
https://github.com/Cathyprime/nvim-dots/blob/34f818bd05476bb89e823993b9b4c87b057c7917/lua/cathy/plugin/telescope.lua#L3-L8
as you can see the docs don't say that you can pass file_ignore_patterns to pickers themselves, but it is allowed:
https://github.com/nvim-telescope/telescope.nvim/blob/175178e3889c13a840f036d464aee2d145157b9e/lua/telescope/pickers.lua#L301
as a fun fact there is a way to open either find_files or git_files depending on if you are in a git project, I even made in my config Kappa