[DOCKER] Update docker files to build all third party dependencies from the tags file

[dbarker]

Addresses #2590 #2515

Update the files in opentelemetry-cpp/docker to build all third party dependencies using the common cmake project and git tags file.

tested locally to create docker images for otel-cpp-alpine-latest and otel-cpp-ubuntu-latest:

cd opentelemetry-cpp/docker
./build.sh -j 8 -b alpine-latest

cd opentelemetry-cpp/docker
./build.sh -j 8 -b ubuntu-latest

Changes

• remove the legacy ./ci/setup_grpc.sh build script and remove corresponding grpc files/references from the ./docker directory.
• remove the abseil patch file in the ci directory as this no longer applies to the latest version.
• remove ./docker/ubuntuLatest since this is redundant with the renamed Debian docker file ./docker/Dockerfile.ubuntu-latest
• remove ./docker/Dockerfile.centos since centos-7 linux is EOL
• update the files in ./docker to build all third party dependencies using the third_party_release tags file and opentelemetry-cpp/install/cmake project.

For significant contributions please make sure you have completed the following items:

• CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes
• Unit tests have been added
• Changes in public API reviewed

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 90.00%. Comparing base (06490f9) to head (2861adb).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3718      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   90.01%   90.00%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         225      225              
  Lines        7105     7105              
==========================================
- Hits         6395     6394       -1     
- Misses        710      711       +1     

see 1 file with indirect coverage changes

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[marcalff]

LGTM, thanks for the cleanup.