[logs-branch] Apply Resource dependency injection pattern to LoggerProvider

[CodeBlanch]

Relates to #3782
Relates to #3798

Changes

Support dependency injection Resource patterns in LoggerProvider.

TODOs

• Appropriate CHANGELOG.md updated for non-trivial changes

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #3813 (962cf1e) into main-logs (aba8a69) will increase coverage by 0.03%.
The diff coverage is 96.87%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@              Coverage Diff              @@
##           main-logs    #3813      +/-   ##
=============================================
+ Coverage      87.60%   87.64%   +0.03%     
=============================================
  Files            304      304              
  Lines          11476    11496      +20     
=============================================
+ Hits           10054    10076      +22     
+ Misses          1422     1420       -2     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
src/OpenTelemetry/ProviderExtensions.cs	81.81% <50.00%> (-3.19%)	⬇️
...ryProtocol.Logs/OtlpLogExporterHelperExtensions.cs	71.42% <100.00%> (+10.31%)	⬆️
...metryProtocol/OtlpTraceExporterHelperExtensions.cs	94.73% <100.00%> (ø)
...lder/ProviderBuilderServiceCollectionExtensions.cs	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...Telemetry/Logs/Builder/LoggerProviderBuilderSdk.cs	96.55% <100.00%> (ø)
src/OpenTelemetry/Logs/LoggerProviderSdk.cs	89.01% <100.00%> (+0.37%)	⬆️
....Exporter.OpenTelemetryProtocol/OtlpLogExporter.cs	66.66% <0.00%> (-8.34%)	⬇️
...Telemetry/Internal/SelfDiagnosticsEventListener.cs	97.65% <0.00%> (+0.78%)	⬆️
...metryProtocol/Implementation/ActivityExtensions.cs	96.21% <0.00%> (+1.08%)	⬆️
... and 1 more