[v25.2.x] c/topic_table: use chunked_hash_map for lifecycle markers

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport of PR #29269

Fixes https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-15289

[vbotbuildovich]

CI test results

test results on build#79157

test_class	test_method	test_arguments	test_kind	job_url	test_status	passed	reason	test_history
MasterTestSuite	test_chunk_dl_with_random_http_errors		unit	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/79157#019bc71e-e153-4b93-8247-390975817369	FAIL	0/1
MasterTestSuite	unlicensed_reject_defaults		unit	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/79157#019bc71e-e153-4b93-8247-390975817369	FAIL	0/1
PartitionStateAPItest	test_local_summary	null	integration	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/79157#019bc745-6044-4228-8f45-4f0939200ef3	FLAKY	10/11	Test PASSES after retries.No significant increase in flaky rate(baseline=0.0000, p0=1.0000, reject_threshold=0.0100. adj_baseline=0.1000, p1=0.3487, trust_threshold=0.5000)	https://redpanda.metabaseapp.com/dashboard/87-tests?tab=142-dt-individual-test-history&test_class=PartitionStateAPItest&test_method=test_local_summary
TestTieredStoragePause	test_safe_pause_resume	{"allow_gaps_cluster_level": true, "allow_gaps_topic_level": true}	integration	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/79157#019bc745-6041-4a93-a115-5b53dace504e	FLAKY	10/11	Test PASSES after retries.No significant increase in flaky rate(baseline=0.0000, p0=1.0000, reject_threshold=0.0100. adj_baseline=0.1000, p1=0.3487, trust_threshold=0.5000)	https://redpanda.metabaseapp.com/dashboard/87-tests?tab=142-dt-individual-test-history&test_class=TestTieredStoragePause&test_method=test_safe_pause_resume

[bashtanov]

unit test failures unrelated: https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-8313 and https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-12849